The main aim of this thesis was to present challenges in the treatment of bipolar-affective disorder (BAP), as one of the most common mental disorders with a high degree of disability of patients. Specific aims were: to describe the clinical picture of bipolar affective disorder, point out the importance of recognizing symptoms and early and correct diagnosis, pharmacologically characterize the group of drugs that are most commonly used in the treatment and by the presentation of the case study demonstrate the basic therapeutic problems. This paper describes the pharmacological profile of the basic groups of drugs used to treat bipolar disorder. Among them, mood stabilizers are today the main therapy for this psychiatric condition, but antipsychotics and antidepressants are also used. There is a spectrum of activity across different mood stabilizers, with some being more effective for the treatment of manic episodes and others for the treatment of depressive phase. They also differ in tolerability profiles and potency for drug interactions. Lithium and valproates are both effective in treating acute phase of the disease and used for maintenance treatment. Also, psychotherapy and psychoeducation are of great importance for the patient and the patient's family. It is critical that the patient and the patient’s family understand and recognize the importance of medication compliance and the early signs of mania and depression. Attempted and completed suicide is a frequent and most serious consequence of bipolar disorder. In the last decade, a considerable progress has been made in the investigation of risk factors associated with suicidal tendencies. Evidence indicates that family and personal history of suicidal behaviour, childhood abuse and comorbidity are the factors associated with attempted and completed suicide. The pharmacist has an important and responsible role in providing optimal care for patients with bipolar affective disorder. As the most accessible health care provider, pharmacist is able to control pharmacotherapy and advise on its rational implementation, but also through confidential relationship with the patient, influence the adherence and thus contribute to achieving therapeutic goal with minimal risks of unwanted and toxic side effects.