| Abstract | Rezistencija bakterija globalni je javnozdravstveni problem. Zbog pretjeranog i nepravilnog korištenja antibiotika bakterije su s vremenom evoluirale i postale otporne na pojedine od njih. Neke su bakterije postale rezistentne na vrlo velik broj antibiotika. Takve bakterije nazivamo multirezistentnim bakterijama i one predstavljaju ozbiljnu prijetnju javnom zdravlju. Posebno su opasne za bolničke pacijente, u jedinicama intenzivne njege te na kirurškim odjelima, gdje bolesnici imaju vrlo oslabljeni imunosni sustav i podložni su djelovanju tih bakterija. Glavni uzroci širenja rezistencijskih faktora su neracionalno korištenje antibiotika u humanoj medicini, ali i korištenje antibiotika u poljoprivredi, gdje se najveća količina antibiotika koristi upravo u neterapijske svrhe. U ovom radu proveden je upitnik kojim su ispitani stavovi, mišljenja, predodžbe i znanja laika o antibioticima i njihovoj pravilnoj uporabi. Upitnik je proveden na području Republike Hrvatske, a sudjelovalo je 248 nasumično odabranih ispitanika. Ispitanici su pokazali vrlo dobro znanje o primjeni antibiotika te je pokazano da se najveći broj pacijenata ipak pridržava uputa o korištenju antibiotika. Međutim, velik broj ispitanika i dalje je u uvjerenju da antibiotici liječe velik broj bolesti i stanja, stoga i ne čudi činjenica što su u pravilu vrlo adherentni kad su u pitanju antibiotici. Također, upitnikom je ustanovljeno da je i dalje prisutno medicinski neutemeljeno propisivanje antibiotika od strane liječnika. Liječnici, naime, propisuju antibiotike za nebakterijske infekcije, smatrajući da antibiotici mogu biti učinkoviti i u sprječavanju nastanka mogućih komplikacija virusnih infekcija. Nadalje, vidljivo je da liječnici, ali i ljekarnici, rijetko upozoravaju pacijente na moguće nuspojave antibiotika, potičući time i dalje mit o svemogućnosti tih lijekova. Zadaća cjelokupne zajednice, koja uključuje zdravstvene djelatnike, političare, poljoprivrednike i same pacijente, racionalizirati je uporabu antibiotika kroz izradu smjernica, edukaciju liječnika i bolesnika, novčano podupiranje farmaceutske industrije u otkrivanju i razvoju novih antibiotika i alternativnih oblika liječenja (cjepiva, probiotici, lizini faga i sl.) te smanjenje neterapijske uporabe antibiotika u poljoprivredi. |
| Abstract (english) | Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health issue. Due to excessive and improper use of antibiotics, bacteria have evolved over time and become resistant to some of them. Some bacteria have become resistant to very large number of antibiotics. Such bacteria are called multi-drug resistant bacteria, and they pose a serious threat to public health. They are especially dangerous for inpatients, in intensive care units and on surgical wards, where patients have a weakened immune system and are more likely to be affected by these bacteria. The main cause of spreading resistance factors between bacteria is the irrational use of antibiotics in human medicine, but also the use of antibiotics in agriculture, where the largest amount of antibiotics is used for non-therapeutic purposes. In this thesis is conducted a questionnaire in which are examined the opinions, attitudes, perceptions and knowledge of people about antibiotics and their proper use. The questionnaire was conducted on Croatian territory, and was attended by 248 randomly selected respondents. Respondents showed very good knowledge of antibiotic usage and it has been shown that the majority of patients still comply with the instructions on the use of antibiotics. However, many respondents still believe that antibiotics cure a number of diseases and conditions, it is therefore not surprising that they are very adherent when it comes to antibiotics. Also, the questionnaire showed that there is still present medically unjustified prescribing of antibiotics by doctors. Doctors, in fact, prescribe antibiotics for non-bacterial infections, considering that antibiotics can be effective in preventing the occurrence and possible complications of viral infections. Furthermore, it is clear that doctors, but also pharmacists, rarely warn patients about possible side effects of antibiotics, thereby encouraging the myth of the omnipotence of these drugs. The task of the whole community, which includes health professionals, politicians, farmers and patients themselves, is to rationalize the usage of antibiotics through the development of guidelines, educating doctors and patients, financially supporting the pharmaceutical industry in the discovery and development of new antibiotics and alternative treatments (vaccines, probiotics, lysine phage etc.), and reducing non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in agriculture. |
