Cognitive enhancement is defined as use of drugs and/or other means with the aim to improve the cognitive functions of healthy subjects, in particular memory, attention, creativity and intelligence (intended as problem solving ability) in the absence of any medical indication. Although it can be achieved by non-pharmacological measurements (sleeping, computer training, exercising), people often tend to reach for pharmacological solutions like OTC substances (coffee, energy drinks and Ginkgo biloba extract pills), and most recently, psychostimulant drugs (amphetamines, methylphenidat, modafinil) perscribed by doctors for treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy, which are obtained illegaly from a „black market“. This kind of practice is usually associated with certain social groups like pupils and students with prevalence rates between 1 and 20%, depending on the design of study. Efficiency of pharmacological cognitive enhancement (PCE) also differs among individuals and appears to be the highest in those whose initial neurotransmiter (dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin) concentrations are low. On the other hand, media, as well as public, sees „smart drugs“ as highly efficient and considers PCE to be cheating. Using drugs to inhance cognitive performance is a controversial subject that opens up many scientific and moral questions, which, for now, stay unaswered: should the use of „smart drugs“ be legalized and would legalization lead to social progress, what kind of health consequences (especially on young people) would PCE have, having in mind differences in efficiancy among individuals, how would it be determined in which individuals would the benefit of PCE be bigger than risks, which steps should be taken to educate the public etc. Further research about efficiancy and safety of use of drugs as cognitive enhancers is needed.