Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent an evolutionarily conserved group of receptors that constitute the first line of defense against foreign pathogens in the body. These receptors recognize pathogenassociated patterns, thereby initiating an inflammatory reaction and triggering the activation of antiviral defenses. Recognition of such patterns leads to the release of inflammatory mediators and chemokines that attract immune cells to the site of infection. Furthermore, Toll-like receptors play a crucial role in regulating cell death and maintaining organismal homeostasis. Research suggests that artificial activation of TLR signaling can stimulate an immune response based on T cells and natural killer cells. The mentioned strategy shows promising indications in the context of antitumor therapy. This paper presents the fundamental role of TLRs in maintaining inflammatory processes and immunity against tumors. The application of these receptors in promoting the desired antitumor effect is described in detail, along with their potential benefits in clinical practice. This therapy, whether used independently or in combination with other immunotherapeutic approaches, represents a promising area of research in the fight against cancer.