Cell division is a process of fundamental importance for life, the correct course of which is necessary for the propagation of the parental karyotype, the set of chromosomes in the parent cell, in newly formed daughter cells. However, errors may occur during division. One of the errors that can occur is the irregular distribution of chromosomes. It leads to the deviation of the karyotype of the daughter cells from the karyotype of the parent cells. Changes in the karyotype of the cells of some microorganisms can serve the purpose of better adaptation of the organisms to their environment, on the other hand, in mammalian cells such changes can promote tumorigenesis. The long-term consequences of missegregation and other processes on karyotype evolution are not fully understood. To identify the fundamental mechanisms that are responsible for a certain course of evolution of the karyotype of a population of cells, it is practical to use mathematical models. In this work, the macro-karyotype concept was used for visualizing the evolution of the yeast cell population by applying the concept to results from the literature. Karyotypes with combinations of only 3 and 4 copies of chromosomes were found early in evolution, suggesting that cells maintain a balanced number of chromosomes. Using the mean-field approach, the dynamics of karyotype evolution were determined and it was found that cells with 3 and 4 copies of chromosomes must be the ones that thrive in the given environment - they must have higher cell fitness. In conclusion, both experiments and theory suggest that a balanced karyotype composition determines the direction of yeast cell evolution.