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undergraduate thesis
Utjecaj estrogena na rak dojke
Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, 2011. urn:nbn:hr:217:889627
Žarak, Martina
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Science
Department of Biology

Institutional repository: Repository of the Faculty of Science

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Žarak, M. (2011). Utjecaj estrogena na rak dojke (Undergraduate thesis). Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science. Retrieved from https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:889627

Žarak, Martina. "Utjecaj estrogena na rak dojke." Undergraduate thesis, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, 2011. https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:889627

Žarak, Martina. "Utjecaj estrogena na rak dojke." Undergraduate thesis, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, 2011. https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:889627

Žarak, M. (2011). 'Utjecaj estrogena na rak dojke', Undergraduate thesis, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, accessed 18 December 2024, https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:889627

Žarak M. Utjecaj estrogena na rak dojke [Undergraduate thesis]. Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science; 2011 [cited 2024 December 18] Available at: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:889627

M. Žarak, "Utjecaj estrogena na rak dojke", Undergraduate thesis, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Zagreb, 2011. Available at: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:889627

Metadata
TitleUtjecaj estrogena na rak dojke
Title (english)Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer
AuthorMartina Žarak
MentorInga Marijanović (mentor)
GranterUniversity of Zagreb
Faculty of Science
(Department of Biology)
Zagreb
Defense date and country2011, Croatia
Scientific / art field,
discipline and subdiscipline		NATURAL SCIENCES
Biology
Abstract
Rak dojke je, uz rak pluća i rak debelog crijeva, najčešća i najsmrtonosnija vrsta raka koja pogađa uglavnom žensku populaciju razvijenih zemalja, osobito žene u menopauzi (iznad 50 godina). Rak dojke nastaje kada normalne epitelne (karcinom) ili žljezdane (adenokarcinom) stanice dojke promijene svoja svojstva te počnu nekontrolirano rasti, umnožavati se i uništavati okolno zdravo tkivo. Postoji nekoliko sustava klasifikacije raka dojke, prema različitim kriterijima: histopatologija, stupanj diferenciranosti (gradus tumora), stadij tumora, status receptora. Histopatološka podjela uključuje neinvazivne i invazivne karcinome. Na površini stanica 70% vrsta raka dojke se nalaze receptori za estrogen (ER+), progesteron (PR+) i HER2/neu (HER2+). Tri skupine genetičkih, endokrinih i okolišnih čimbenika povezane su s razvojem raka dojke. Čak 80% slučajeva uzrokovano nasljednim promjenama povezano je sa mutacijama u genima BRCA1 i BRCA2. Najvažnije okolišni čimbenik je izloženost estrogenu (ranija menarha i kasnija menopauza, mali broj poroda i kasna dob pri rađanju prvog djeteta). Brojna istraživanja bave se povezanošću raka dojke s endogenim i egzogenim steroidima, estrogenima (estron, estradiol i estriol) i progesteronom. Predložena su dva mehanizma djelovanja koja vjerojatno djeluju sinergistički u procesima inicijacije i progresije raka dojke. Osim proliferativnog modela prema kojem poticanjem stanične proliferacije u tkivu dojke estrogeni omogućavaju nastanak mutacija koje promoviraju razvoj raka, utvrđen je i mutageni učinak estrogena kao posljedica genotoksičnosti estrogena i njegovih metabolita. Izrazito zanimanje i raspravu potiče pitanje o utjecaju egzogenih hormona, kao što je oralna kontracepcija (OK) te hormonsko nadomjesno liječenje (HNL). Dokazano je kako antiestrogeni (SERM) kao što su tamoxifen, raloxifen i inhibitori aromataze smanjuju učestalost raka dojke.
Abstract (english)
Breast cancer is, along with lung and colon cancer, the most common type of cancer that affects mostly the female population in developed countries, especially menopausal women (over 50 years old). Breast cancer occurs when epithelial (carcinoma) or glandular (adenocarcinoma) breast cells change their properties and start to grow uncontrollably and destroy surrounding healthy tissue. There are several classification criteria: histopatology, grading, tumor stage, receptor status. Histopatologic classification includes non-invasive and invasive cancers. Around 70% of breast cancers have estrogen receptors (ER+) as well as progesterone receptor (PR+) and HER2/neu (HER2+) on the cell surface. Three groups of genetic, endocrine and environmental factors are associated with the development of breast cancer. In 80% of hereditary breast cancers the main cause are genetic changes in genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. The most important environmental factor is exposure to estrogen (earlier menarche and later menopause, low parity and late age at birth of first child). Numerous studies are dealing with estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer. There are two mechanisms of estrogen action proposed which probably act synergistically when promoting initiation and progression of breast cancer. Estrogen promotes cell proliferation in breast tissue which allows mutations and cancer development. Also, estrogen and its metabolites are genotoxic. The impact of exogenous hormones, such as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy is of special interest. It has been shown that anti-estrogens (SERMs) such as tamoxifene, raloxifene and aromatase inhibitors reduce the incidence of breast cancer.
Keywords
Keywords (english)
Languagecroatian
URN:NBNurn:nbn:hr:217:889627
Study programmeTitle: Molecular Biology
Study programme type: university
Study level: undergraduate
Academic / professional title: sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) molekularne biologije (sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) molekularne biologije)
Type of resourceText
File originBorn digital
Access conditionsOpen access
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Created on2018-04-12 09:05:58