Title Električni automobili
Title (english) Electric automobiles
Author Denny Shaikh
Mentor Željko Skoko (mentor)
Committee member Mario Basletić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Maro Cvitan (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Željko Skoko (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Dalibor Paar (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Ivica Smolić (član povjerenstva)
Granter University of Zagreb Faculty of Science (Department of Physics) Zagreb
Defense date and country 2018-10-02, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline NATURAL SCIENCES Physics
Abstract Električni automobili se prvi puta pojavljuju u prvoj polovici 19. stoljeća, a do kraja tog stoljeća i početkom idućeg su bili dominantni u odnosu na vozila na parni pogon te ona s motorom s unutarnjim izgaranjem. Najveći problem ranih električnih vozila bio je manji domet u odnosu na ostale vrste automobila, a to je posljedica baterije automobila. Isti problem postoji i kod današnjih električnih automobila, zbog čega su i dalje oni s motorom s unutarnjim izgaranjem najzastupljeniji. Ipak, zbog povećane brige za okoliš, potiče se razvoj vozila koja ne ispuštaju stakleničke plinove te se proizvođačima nameću zahtjevi o dozvoljenoj količini ispuštanja CO2 u atmosferu. Posljedica tih zahtjeva je sve veći broj potpuno električnih te hibridnih električnih automobila pa tako svaki veći proizvođač automobila danas nudi niz modela koji koriste tu tehnologiju. Da takva vozila zamjene trenutno konvencionalna vozila koja koriste fosilna goriva, potreban je daljnji napredak po pitanju njihove baterije. Trenutno su najzastupljenije litij – ionske baterije, a njihove performanse se nastoje poboljšati istraživanjem novih materijala za anodu, katodu i elektrolit tih baterija. Osim samih baterija, istražuju se i načini optimiranja pražnjenja baterije pa se tako na primjer koriste superkondenzatori u slučajevima kada je potrebna velika snaga, kao što je veliko ubrzanje. Takva kombinacija više izvora energije se pokazala uspješnom te je uspjela ispuniti cilj povećanja dometa vozila. Osim baterija, istražuju se i drugi izvori energije, a trenutno se kao najuspješnija alternativa bateriji pokazuje goriva ćelija. Vozila s gorivim ćelijama isto kao i baterijska električna vozila spadaju u kategoriju bezemisijskih vozila, a rješavaju i neke praktične probleme baterijskih električnih vozila poput brzine punjenja pri čemu se mogu izravno uspoređivati s automobilima koji koriste fosilna goriva. U radu se pregledavaju svojstva navedenih izvora energije, u svrhu boljeg razumijevanja ograničenja električnih automobila.
Abstract (english) Electric automobiles made their first appearance during the first half of the 19th century and by the end of that century and with starting of the next one, they became dominant relative to vehicles with internal combustion engines and those with the steam engines. The biggest disadvantage of electric vehicles was their shorter range compared to the other types of vehicles, due to the battery limitations. Modern electric vehicles have the same problem, and that’s why vehicles with internal combustion engines are still the most numerous. With greater ecological awareness, manufacturers need to fulfill the CO2 emissions requirements. Those requirements result with an increase of battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles and almost all the vehicle manufacturers today are offering a number of automobile models using that technology. To electric vehicles replace the ones that are using fossil fuels, further improvements of batteries are needed. The most used type of the batteries today is lithium – ion battery, whose performance is improving with research of new materials for batterie’s anode, cathode and electrolyte. Alongside batteries, electric vehicles also use supercapacitors in situations that demand high output power, example of which is an acceleration of the vehicle, to optimize discharge of a battery. That kind of the multiple energy sources has proved successful to increase electric vehicle’s range. Not only batteries are researched as electric vehicles primary energy source. Fuel cells are a good alternative to the batteries. Fuel cell vehicles are also zero – emission vehicles and they are resolving some shortcoming of battery electric vehicles such as battery charging inconvenience. This thesis gives an overview of the aforementioned energy sources characteristics, in order to better understand the limitations of electric vehicles.
Keywords
električni automobil
bezemisijska vozila
baterija
elektrolit
anoda
katoda
goriva ćelija
superkondenzator
Keywords (english)
electric automobiles
zero – emission vehicles
battery
electrolyte
anode
cathode
fuel cell
supercapacitor
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:217:419849
Study programme Title: Physics and Computer Science; specializations in: Education Course: Education Study programme type: university Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra fizike i informatike (magistar/magistra fizike i informatike)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Open access
Terms of use
Created on 2018-11-19 15:31:25