Today, dysfunctions of the nervous system still appear to be a challenge in the treatment due to the complexity and specificity of the whole system. A series of new discoveries and development of new laboratory protocols in the area of cell culture and genetical engineering have enabled the use of stem cells for the purposes of treatment of a wide spectrum of nervous system disfunctions. This article presents a division of pathological conditions, which lead to dysfuncions of the nervous system as well as stem cell therapies for each of these conditions that have been tested up to date. Two main groups of nervous system disfunctions are physical damages of part of the CNS and progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Due to differences in the approach to therapy, examples of physical damages of the nervous system are a traumatic brain injury and a complete and incomplete spinal cord injury. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, only therapies for the Alzheimer disease, as the most common type of this sort of neural dysfunctions, are described. Previous research in this field have made a big breakthrough in understanding of the pathology of mentioned conditions and determined main guidelines for the strategy of therapy. However, even the most advanced methods of therapy are still in the phase of clinical trials. Some of the major problems that will have to be solved in order for this to become widely used are an uncontrolled migration of stem cells, differentiation of stem cells in a wrong cell type and the potential for tumor development.