Epidemiology investigates the occurrence of the disease, its distribution control and suppression of its further spread. Epidemiologists use various epidemiological parameters to monitor the development of the disease. Therefore, the detection and characterisation of pathogens are unachievable without the use of suitable molecular techniques. Respiratory viral diseases have important significance in medicine, especially if we take into consideration their potential cause of the epidemic and pandemic. Epidemics, which occur every year, are caused by virus mutations. Consequently, a new strain appears for which the population does not have previously created antibodies. This allows easy transmission of the virus while reaching pandemic proportions in its distribution. Moreover, respiratory viruses are considered to be the 4th most common cause of people’s death all around the world. Infections are very common due to several reasons such as the easy spread of the virus, numerous pathogens and specific structures of the respiratory system. The most significant viruses causing respiratory infections are adenoviruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, corona viruses and rhinoviruses. On account of the progress of science, sufficient vaccines and therapeutic approaches are being developed, which will eventually contribute to the fight against viral diseases.