Human rights are rights that belong to people by birth. The rights of women prisoners include rights that belong to all persons in the penal system and rights that belong exclusively to women because of their specific needs. The rights of women in the penal system are poorly researched due to the fact that women make up only a small part of the prison population. Treatments and placement in a penitentiary institution are often not adapted to the characteristics of the woman. Hygienic and spatial needs and motherhood are emphasized, as a phenomenon that is often present in penal institutions where women live. Mothers have the right to care for the child, but by being in prison, this right is very limited. Mothers often have very rare contact with their children and lack professional support in overcoming the challenges of such parenting. The rights of all prisoners and the specific rights of women and mothers of women prisoners are regulated, albeit sparingly, by European, international and domestic regulations. By going to a penitentiary institution, women are denied freedom for the purpose of re-socialization and protection of society and perpetrators of criminal offenses. It is of the utmost importance to limit the right to the extent necessary to fulfill the purpose of the penal system. It is necessary to raise public awareness of the sensitivity of this topic, encourage institutional change, changes in policies and practices, and raise the standard of penal treatment to a higher level, with maximum respect and promotion of human rights. Social work is included in penal treatment, especially in the field of human rights protection, protection of the interests of the child and support for mothers, which makes it one of the key professions in achieving change and improvement in this area.