On the one hand, the Holy See, headed by the Pope, can be viewed as the supreme governing body of the Catholic Church, which according to 2019 data, has 1.34 billion members. On the other hand, given the size and importance of this community, which throughout history had strengthened its position, and still has prominent role in world geopolitical events, the position of the Holy See in the system of international law is particularly interesting, especially in the context of its international legal personality. This paper will, through five thematic units, analyse various historical, political and legal circumstances that have influenced the international position of the Holy See as we know it today. The first part of the thesis explains the historical circumstances from the annexation of the Papal State by the Kingdom of Italy in 1870 to the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty which recognized special state territory of the Pope in 1929. The second part of the thesis examines the statehood of the Holy See and the Vatican City State through the prism of the Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (Montevideo, 1933). Since one of the most common mistakes in discussions of the Holy See is ignorance of the fundamental difference between the Holy See and the Vatican City State, this thesis aims to give possible answers to the question of the relationship between the two international legal entities. In order to understand the relationship between other subjects of international law and the Holy See as well as its position within the United Nations, it was necessary to offer a brief overview of the activities of the Holy See at the international level. Thus, the last part of the thesis deals with the membership and activities of the Holy See in the United Nations and other international organisms in the United Nations system.