The aim of this master's thesis is to expose the fundamental similarities and differences in terms of the protection of possession between Roman law and contemporary regulation in Croatian law. Despite the fact that possession signifies factual authority over matters in both analyzed legal systems, it causes legal effects. The most important effect is legal protection of the possession, for which the need arose back in Roman law and with many similarities have been transposed into modern Croatian law. This paper provides an overview of the possession development in a historical context, praetorian protection through interdicts, the novelty introduced by Justinian in the way of delegation of power to the courts, and in the second part of the paper, the emphasis is on the contemporary arrangement in Croatian law, supported with examples of judicial decisions. Key principles in possession proceedings that arose in Roman law and which are transferred in modern Croatian law are the principle of limited debate regarding the prohibiton of arguing and invoking the right during the litigation and the principle of urgency, but despite of the differences between legal systems, which are emphasized in this paper, the objective of possession protection from its inception to the present day is the same, which is to prevent unjust dispossession and disturbance of possession.