| Abstract | Iako značajan dio povijesti nisu bile uključene u formalne plaćene oblike rada, žene su oduvijek radile i obavljale različite vrste poslova. Skrb o djeci i kućanstvu dugo je bila temeljna ženska zadaća, a na tržište rada žene su se prije uključivale uglavnom samo kada bi to zahtijevala njihova materijalna situacija. Njihov podređeni položaj u društvu doveo je do toga da su im brojna prava bila uskraćena, a samim time žene su bile diskriminirane u gotovo svim područjima života. Međutim, industrijska revolucija, svjetski ratovi te opći društveni i tehnološki napredak doveli su do povećane potrebe za radnom snagom, zbog čega su žene masovno počele sudjelovati na tržištu rada, a samim time postale su svjesnije svoje vrijednosti u društvu. U takvim okolnostima počinju se javljati i feministički pokreti kroz koje su se žene borile za svoja prava i ravnopravnost, a stoljeća borbe urodila su plodom. Današnje žene žive životom kakve su njihove prethodnice mogle samo sanjati, zajamčena su im sva ljudska prava, a na tržištu rada čine neizostavan dio radne snage. Ipak, može se reći da je patrijarhalna društvena svijest i dalje prisutna te iako je ženama omogućeno sudjelovanje na tržištu rada, briga o djeci i kućanstvu i dalje se smatra pretežito „ženskim poslom“. Takvi stavovi društva u velikoj se mjeri odražavaju na položaj žena na tržištu rada i dovode do toga da se žene susreću s različitim oblicima diskriminacije. Diskriminacija žena na tržištu rada javlja se već pri njihovom zapošljavanju, a nastavlja se kroz profesionalnu rodnu segregaciju, koja se očituje raspodjelom žena i muškaraca u različitim sektorima i zanimanjima, ali i na različitim pozicijama u okviru radnog mjesta. Kao najočitiji oblik diskriminacije žena ističe se razlika u plaćama, koja u prosjeku iznosi 15 – 20 %. Osim toga, trudnice i majke često su izložene diskriminaciji, a iako se ne prijavljuje često, spolno uznemiravanje na radnom mjestu također nije iznimka. S ovim problemima suočavaju se žene diljem svijeta pa tako i u Hrvatskoj, zbog čega se nameće potreba njihova rješavanja i uspostavljanja bolje zaštite prava žena na tržištu rada. Kako bi se ti problemi riješili, potreban je angažman cjelokupnog društva, koje treba raditi na suzbijanju tradicionalnih obrazaca koji ženama nameću dvostruki teret obiteljskih i poslovnih obveza i tako im onemogućavaju mogućnosti na tržištu rada. Osim toga, izrazito je značajan doprinos države i poslodavaca, koji različitim mjerama mogu tržište rada prilagoditi potrebama žena i na taj način doprinijeti uspostavi ravnopravnosti spolova. |
| Abstract (english) | Although for a significant part of history they were not involved in formal work, women have always worked and performed various types of work. Caring for the children and the household has long been a fundamental female task and previously women were involved in the labor market mostly when their financial situation required it. Their subordinate position in society led to the fact that they were denied many rights and thus women were discriminated in almost all areas of life. However, the industrial revolution, world wars and general social and technological progress led to an increased need for workforce, which is why women began to massively join the labor market and thus became more aware of their value in society. In such circumstances, feminist movements began to appear, through which women fought for their rights and equality. Eventually, centuries of struggle bore fruit. Today's women live a life that their predecessors could only dream of - they are guaranteed all human rights and in the labor market they form an indispensable part of the workforce. Nevertheless, it can be said that the patriarchal social consciousness has only partially been overcome, in the sense that women are enabled to participate in the labor market, but taking care of children and the household is still predominately considered as “women’s work”. Such attitudes are largely reflected in the position of women in the labor market and lead to women encountering various forms of discrimination. Discrimination against women on the labor market occurs during their employment and continues through professional gender segregation, which is manifested by the distribution of women and men in different sectors and occupations, but also in different positions within the workplace. The most obvious form of discrimination against women is the gender pay gap, which is 15-20 % on average. In addition, pregnant women and mothers are often exposed to discrimination and although it is rarely reported, sexual harassment in the workplace is also not an exception. These problems are faced by women all over the world, including in Croatia, which is why there is a need to solve them and establish better protection of women's rights on the labor market. In order to solve these problems, the engagement of the entire society is needed, which should work to suppress traditional patterns that impose the double burden of family and business obligations on women and thus deny them opportunities on the labor market. In addition, the contribution of the state and employers is extremely significant, as they can adapt the labor market to the needs of women through various measures and thus contribute to the establishment of gender equality. |
