| Abstract | Život ljudi vezan je uz more i pomorstvo od samih začetaka civilizacije. Status i prava pomoraca regulirani su još u Hamurabijevom zakoniku, a razvoj se nastavlja u antičkoj Grčkoj, Rimskom carstvu, a na području današnje hrvatske u statutima obalnih gradova kao što su Dubrovnik, Split, Zadar, itd. Početkom razvoja industrije kruzinga možemo smatrati linijsko slanje pošte preko Atlantika sredinom 19. stoljeća iz kojeg se postepeno razvila kruzing industrija koja posljednjih 50 godina čini najbrže rastuću od svih turističkih djelatnosti. Bitnim faktorom opstanka kruzinga kao industrije u današnjem smislu smatraju se zastave pogodnosti, kojima kruzing kompanije posredno ograničavaju prava pomoraca. Jedna od glavnih međunarodnih organizacija koje se zalažu za ukidanje zastava pogodnosti je Međunarodna federacija transportnih radnika. Najvažnija međunarodna organizacija koja se bavi pravima pomoraca je Međunarodna pomorska organizacija (IMO), a najveće postignuće i priznanje prava radnika predstavlja Konvenvija o radu pomoraca (MLC). Ona predstavlja sveobuhvatnu kodifikaciju prava pomoraca i minimalne uvjete koje države potpisnice moraju u tom cilju ispuniti. Uz SOLAS, STCW i MARPOL, ona čini četvrti stup Međunarodnog pomorskog prava. Prava radnika na kruzerima zaostaju za pravima radnika na kopnu, posebice što se tiče radnog vremena, a što se pak tiče plaća, one ovise o radnom mjestu. Za većinu stanovnika razvijenih zemalja, plaće na najnižim pozicijama su neprihvatljive, dok za brojne stanovnike nerazvijenih zemalja one predstavljaju poslovnu priliku kakvu teško mogu dobiti u svojim zemljama. Prava radnika donekle se štite nacionalnim kolektivnim ugovorima, kao što je u Hrvatskoj Nacionalni kolektivni ugovor za hrvatske pomorce na brodovima u međunarodnoj plovidbi, odnosno kolektivnim ugovorima između pojedinih sindikata i kruzing kompanija. Ranjivost pomoraca oduvijek je prisutna, no u prethodnih nekoliko godina potencirana je i pojavom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 kad su stotine tisuća pomoraca zadržane na brodovima protiv svoje volje zbog straha od širenja bolesti. U radu se koriste sljedeće metode: analiza, analogija, dedukcija, klasifikacija, promatranje i usporedba. |
| Abstract (english) | Human lives were connected to the sea since the dawn of civilization. Regulation of seafarers' rights begins with the Law of Hammurabi and continues in the Ancient Greece and Rome. On the territory of today’s Croatia regulatory acts were statutes of coastal cities such as Dubrovnik, Split and Zadar. Cruise industry starts its development with the 19th century liners that were carrying mail across the Atlantic and has been the fastest growing tourism industry in the last 50 years. One of the biggest mitigating factor that insures the survival of the cruise industry in today’s sense are Flags of convenience which are in direct conflict with seafarers’ rights. One of the most important international organizations which advocates their ban is The International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF). The most important international organization for seafarers’ rights is International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the most important of the legal acts is Maritime Labor Convention (MLC), which represents the fourth pillar of the international maritime law, next to SOLAS, STCW and MARPOL. The rights of seafarers working on cruise ships are lagging behind the rights of workers on land, especially compared to their working hours, but regarding their salaries it depends; to the workers from developed countries, salaries at the lowest working positions aren’t as attractive as they are for those coming from undeveloped countries, in which cases it may represent an opportunity they could hardly get in their own countries. Seafarers’ rights are somewhat protected by the collective bargaining agreements such is, in Croatia, National collective bargaining agreement for Croatian seafarers on international ships, and by the collective bargaining agreements between individual unions and cruise companies. The vulnerability of seafarers has always been present, but in the past few years it has been enhanced by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, when hundreds of thousands of seafarers were kept on ships against their will due to fear of spreading the disease. The following methods are used in the work: analysis, analogy, deduction, classification, observation and comparison. |
