| Abstract | Fenomen ljudskih migracija prisutan je od postanka ljudske vrste, a kao dugovječni fenomen predmet je i brojnih suvremenih istraživanja. Od prapovijesti do danas prisutni su različiti uzroci migracija među kojima su najčešći promjene u okolišu, oružani sukobi, potraga za poslom, kolonizacija i drugi. Važan aspekt istraživanja migracija je određivanje njihovog karaktera kao dragovoljnih ili prisilnih. Dragovoljne migracije, koje u pravilu pokreću ekonomski, obiteljski i obrazovni razlozi, daleko su češće i brojnije nego prisilne, no upravo je manjina migrantske populacije koja je iz određenih razloga prisiljena na migriranje najugroženija i najranjivija skupina kojoj je najpotrebnija zaštita njihovih prava i sloboda. U skupinu prisilnih migracija svrstavaju se i okolišne migracije koje uzrokuju iznenadne ili progresivne (postupne) razorne promjene u okolišu zbog kojih dolazi do degradacije životnih uvjeta i kvalitete života ljudi na određenom prostoru. U suvremeno vrijeme okolišne migracije se povezuju s brojnim nepovoljnim posljedicama klimatskih promjena, kao i općenito s ekološkom krizom. Potaknuta složenom problematikom okolišnih migracija i migranata u javnosti i stručnim krugovima razvila se rasprava oko korištenja izraza „okolišnih migranata“/“okolišnih izbjeglica“ i pravnog definiranja statusa ove skupine migranata. Analiza Konvencije o pravnom položaju izbjeglica iz 1951. g. dovodi do zaključka prema kojem ovu vrstu migranata ne možemo svrstati u kategoriju izbjeglica. Budući da ih političke ili druge društvene okolnosti ne prisiljavaju na kretanje, nemaju prava i mogućnosti ostvarivanja zaštite zajamčene izbjegličkim pravom. Ipak, iz razloga humanosti i univerzalnih ljudskih prava zajamčenih svima ovoj skupini migranata nužno je osigurati zaštitu njihovih prava i sloboda često i na raznorodne načine ugrožene tijekom kretanja migrantskim rutama. Unatoč nedostatku eksplicitne zaštite međunarodnog prava, razvijeni pravni mehanizmi supsidijarne i komplementarne zaštite primjenjivi su i na ovu skupinu migranata. Ovi instrumenti pravne zaštite nalaze se u međunarodnim, regionalnim i nacionalnim pravnim propisima, a brigu oko njihove primjene na međunarodnoj, regionalnim i nacionalnim razinama preuzimaju i organizacije čija je misija pružati pomoć migrantima u zadovoljavanju njihovih potreba i realizaciji temeljnih ljudskih prava i sloboda. |
| Abstract (english) | The phenomenon of human migrations has been present since the beginning of the human species, and as a long-lived phenomenon it is the subject of numerous contemporary researches. From prehistoric times to the present, there are various causes of migration, among which the most common are changes in the environment, armed conflicts, the search for work, colonization, and others. An important aspect of migration research is the determination of their character as voluntary or forced. Voluntary migrations, which are usually driven by economic, family and educational reasons, are far more frequent and numerous than forced migrations, but it is precisely the minority of the migrant population that is forced to migrate for certain reasons that is the most threatened and vulnerable group in need of the protection of their rights and freedoms the most. The group of forced migrations also includes environmental migrations that cause sudden or progressive (gradual) devastating changes in the environment, which lead to the degradation of living conditions and the quality of life of people in a certain area. In modern times, environmental migrations are associated with numerous unfavorable consequences of climate change, as well as with the environmental crisis in general. Driven by the complex issue of environmental migration and migrants in the public and professional circles, a debate has developed around the use of the term "environmental migrants"/"environmental refugees" and the legal definition of the status of this group of migrants. The analysis of the Convention on the Legal Status of Refugees from 1951 leads to the conclusion that this type of migrants cannot be classified as refugees. Since political or other social circumstances do not force them to move, they do not have the rights and opportunities to exercise the protection guaranteed by refugee law. Nevertheless, for reasons of humanity and universal human rights guaranteed to all, it is necessary to ensure this group of migrants the protection of their rights and freedoms, which are often and in various ways threatened during movement along migrant routes. Despite the lack of explicit protection under international law, the developed legal mechanisms of subsidiary and complementary protection are also applicable to this group of migrants. These instruments of legal protection are found in international, regional and national legal regulations, and organizations whose mission is to provide assistance to migrants in meeting their needs and realizing basic human rights and freedoms take care of their application at the international, regional and national levels. |
