| Abstract | U ovoj se doktorskoj disertaciji raspravlja o svim relevantnim aspektima ugovora o zakupu broda kao jednog od načina iskorištavanja pomorskih brodova. Proučavaju se svi pravni izvori zakupa broda, kako zakonski, tako i autonomni. U analizi zakonskih pravnih izvora o zakupu broda opširno se proučavaju odredbe hrvatskog Pomorskog zakonika. Također se problematizira i primjena odredbi Zakona o obveznim odnosima o zakupu i općenito pravila obveznog prava za sva pravna pitanja iz ugovornog odnosa zakupa broda za koja ne postoji specifična odredba Pomorskog zakonika. Komparativno se analiziraju i pravni propisi zakupa broda poredbenog prava: talijanskog Plovidbenog zakonika (Codice della navigazione), francuskog Zakona o brodarskim ugovorima i pomorskom prijevozu (Loi n°66-420 sur les contrats d'affrètement et de transport maritimes) i Uredbe o brodarskim ugovorima i pomorskom prijevozu (Decret n°66-1078 sur les contrats d'affrètement et de transport maritimes), norveškog Pomorskog zakonika (Sjoloven), te se ukazuje na specifičnosti pravnog uređenja zakupa broda unutar common law-a. Osim zakonskih pravnih izvora, naglašava se važnost autonomnog pravnog izvora zakupa broda, posebno ugovora između stranaka, pri čemu se polazi od prakse i uobičajene primjene standardnih ugovornih obrazaca kod ugovaranja zakupa broda. Istaknuta je potreba utvrđivanja sadržaja standardnog ugovornog obrasca o zakupu broda, BIMCO Standard Bareboat Charter, kodnog naziva: BARECON 2001.
Uz zakonske i autonomne pravne izvore, posebna pozornost posvećuje se hrvatskoj sudskoj praksi u dijelu disertacije posvećenom ugovoru o zakupu broda u hrvatskom pravu, zatim stranoj sudskoj praksi, napose engleskih i američkih sudova, u dijelu koji pomno analizira standardni obrazac BARECON 2001. Presude ostalih stranih sudova obuhvaćene su u zadnjem poglavlju, u kojem se poredbeno prikazuju odredbe o zakupu broda. Kao važan izvor prava razmatra se stajalište relevantne domaće i strane pravnoznanstvene teorije, napose one na engleskom i talijanskom jeziku.
Disertacija je podijeljena u pet poglavlja. U prvom poglavlju, uz isticanje važnosti materije ugovora o iskorištavanju pomorskih brodova, posebna se pozornost posvećuje sistematizaciji ugovora o iskorištavanju pomorskih brodova sa stajališta hrvatskog i poredbenog prava. Ukazuje se na različitost sistematizacije ugovora o iskorištavanju pomorskih brodova u izabranim nacionalnim pravnim sustavima. U okviru prvog poglavlja, u pregledu stanja doktorske disertacije, opisuju se problemi disertacije – praktični i teorijski problem – te naglašava teorijska važnost teorijskog problema. Prikazuju se dosadašnja istraživanja kroz analizu i ocjenu domaće i strane pravnoznanstvene literature. Iznose se svrha
i ciljevi te hipoteze istraživanja, znanstvene metode korištene u disertaciji te naposljetku očekivani znanstveni doprinos.
Ugovor o zakupu broda u hrvatskom pravu središnja je tema drugog poglavlja disertacije. U uvodnom se dijelu navode najvažniji pravni izvori ugovora o zakupu broda i hijerarhijski redoslijed njihove primjene u hrvatskom pravnom sustavu, a potom se određuje pojam ugovora o zakupu broda i definiraju ugovorne stranke. Ukazuje se na neujednačenost pravne terminologije u pogledu naziva ugovornih stranaka iz zakupa broda; naime, terminologija Pomorskog zakonika nije usklađena s pojmovima Zakona o obveznim odnosima. Posebna pozornost posvećuje se bitnim sastojcima ugovora i obliku ugovora o zakupu broda te posljedicama nepridržavanja propisanog oblika. Naglašavaju se razlozi zbog kojih je činjenica o sklopljenom ugovora o zakupu broda evidentirana u upisniku brodova. Pojedinačno se analiziraju prava i obveze obiju ugovornih stranaka te se u svrhu urednog ispunjenja ugovora upućuje na specifične podobveze odnosno sastavnice glavnih obveza. Posebna pozornost posvećena je obvezi plaćanja zakupnine koja uključuje vrijeme i mjesto plaćanja, obvezu plaćanja nastupom okolnosti koje sprječavaju iskorištavanje broda te pravne posljedice neplaćanja ili kašnjenja plaćanja zakupnine. Analiziraju se odredbe hrvatskih pravnih izvora posvećene položaju posade zakupljenog broda. U domeni odgovornosti obuhvaćeni su svi aspekti ugovorne odgovornosti svake stranke. Utvrđuju se i slučajevi odgovornosti za izvanugovorne obveze koje mogu nastati za trajanja zakupa broda. Ističe se potreba podrobne analize odgovornosti za izvanugovorne obveze, budući da činjenica prepuštanja broda drugoj stranci na uporabu ne znači oslobođenje odgovornosti za štete koje bi brod prouzročio. Također se problematiziraju prestanak ugovora, zastara tražbina iz ugovora, mjerodavno pravo za ugovor o zakupu broda te uvjeti podzakupa. Naposlijetku, komparativno se analizira ugovor o zakupu broda i brodarski ugovor na vrijeme za cijeli brod, te utvrđuju sličnosti i razlike ovih ugovora.
Treće poglavlje posvećeno je analizi i tumačenju odredbi standardnog ugovornog obrasca o zakupu broda BARECON 2001, koje je najvećim dijelom posvećeno analizi drugog odnosno središnjeg dijela obrasca. Analiza se sastoji od nekoliko tematski podijeljenih odjeljaka, koje osim uvodnih i završnih odredbi obuhvaćaju odjeljak vezan uz uporabu broda i izvršenje ugovora o zakupu. Utvrđuju se najvažnija prava i obveze ugovornih stranaka prema obrascu BARECON 2001 (predaja broda, otkaz ugovora zbog zakašnjenja predaje broda, zakupnina i vraćanje broda). Potom se utvrđuju sva ostala prava i obveze ugovornih stranaka vezane uz uporabu i izvršenje ugovora (reguliranje troškova pregleda broda te pogonskog goriva i zaliha pri predaji i vraćanju broda, pravo nadzora broda, ograničenje uporabe broda,
održavanje i obavljanje radova na brodu, osiguranje kod ugovora o zakupu broda, kao i posebno utvrđivanje pojma ratnog rizika, založno pravo, obeštećenje, ostvarenje prava na nagradu za spašavanje i doprinos u zajedničkoj havariji, uklanjanje podrtina, uvjeti prijenosa prava iz ugovora o zakupu na trećeg (posebno uvjeti davanja broda u podzakup), bankarska garancija, rekvizicija/stjecanje, plaćanje provizije agentu posredniku i na koncu prestanak ugovora prije proteka roka trajanja ugovora). U analizi obrasca BARECON 2001 zastupljeni su i odjeljci o zakupu novogradnje, zakupu uz opciju kupnje broda i upisa broda u zakupu u zakupovni upisnik. U analizi odredbi obrasca BARECON 2001 navode se primjeri rješenja sudske prakse istraživanjem prikupljenih presuda stranih sudova. Odredbe se također analiziraju u odnosu na prethodni obrazac BARECON 89, osvrćući se poglavito na one koje su različite ili predstavljaju novost u obrascu BARECON 2001. Kritički se osvrće na one odredbe za koje se smatra da mogu izazvati različita pravna tumačenja te se nastoji predložiti moguća rješenja. Poglavito se ističe nedostatak jasnog određenja pravnih pitanja odgovornosti za izvanugovorne obveze stranaka u obrascu BARECON 2001 te se uočava potreba za većim brojem sadržajnih, stilskih ili jezičnih izmjena i dopuna nekoliko odredbi obrasca. Također se daje osvrt na međunarodne pomorske konvencije i klauzule koje se odnose na prava, obveze i odgovornost sudionika u pomorskom prometu.
U četvrtom poglavlju disertacije analizira se pravno uređenje zakupa broda u poredbenom pravu. Polazi se od rješenja talijanskog i francuskog prava kao primjera pravnog uređenja zakupa broda kontinentalnog pravnog sustava te rješenja engleske i američke sudske prakse kao primjera rješenja common law-a. Analizom odredbi o zakupu broda izabranih poredbenih prava definirani su pojam, vrste, oblik, prava, obveze i odgovornost stranaka ugovora o zakupu broda. Obuhvaćena su i ostala pravna pitanja zakupa broda, kao npr. prestanak ugovora te uvjeti produženja ugovora. Na kraju se, u zaključnim razmatranjima, prikazuju sličnosti i razlike pravnog uređenja zakupa broda izabranih prava i usporedba s odredbama o zakupu broda u hrvatskom pravu, kao i odredbama obrasca BARECON 2001.
Na kraju disertacije iznose se zaključci o kvaliteti pravnog uređenje zakupa broda sa stajališta hrvatskog zakonodavnog okvira, odredbi standardnog ugovornog obrasca BARECON 2001 i poredbenopravna analiza zakonskih odredbi koje uređuju zakup broda. Predlažu se mjere potrebne za njegovu daljnju nadogradnju unutar zakonskog okvira i standardnog ugovornog obrasca i daju odgovori na postavljene hipoteze.
Ključne riječi: ugovor o zakupu broda, standardni ugovorni obrasci, Pomorski zakonik, Zakon o obveznim odnosima, BARECON 2001, BARECON 89, poredbeno pravo, prava, obveze i odgovornost ugovornih stranaka |
| Abstract (english) | This doctoral dissertation discusses all relevant aspects of the bareboat charter contract as one of the ways to employ sea-going vessels. All bareboat charter legal sources, both regulatory and autonomous, are examined. In the analysis of legal sources on bareboat charter, the provisions of the Croatian Maritime Code have been studied in detail. The application of the provisions of the Civil Obligations Act regarding the charter and the rules of the obligation law in general for all legal matters arising from the bareboat charter contractual relationship, for which there is no specific provision of the Maritime Code, were also problematized. Legal regulations for bareboat charter were comparatively analysed: Italian Maritime Code (Codice della navigazione), French Act on Bareboat Charter Contracts and Maritime Transport (Loi n° 66-420 sur les contrats d’affrètement et de transport maritimes) and the Ordinance on Charters and Maritime Transport (Decret n°66-1078 sur les contrats d’affrètement et de transport maritimes), Norwegian Maritime Code (Sjoleven), and the specific features of the legal regulation of bareboat charter within the common law were pointed out. In addition to the regulatory legal sources, the importance of autonomous legal sources for bareboat charter was emphasised, especially the importance of a contract between the parties, where the starting point is the practice and usual application of standard contractual forms when contracting a bareboat charter. The need to establish the content of the standard contractual form for bareboat charter – BIMCO Standard Bareboat Charter, code name: BARECON 2001, was pointed out.
In addition to regulatory and autonomous legal sources, special attention was paid to the Croatian judicial practice in the part of the dissertation which deals with bareboat charter contract in the Croatian law, and then to the foreign judicial practice, primarily of American and English courts, in the part which meticulously analyses the BARECON 2001 standard form. The rulings of other foreign courts were examined in the final chapter, in which a comparative overview of bareboat charter provisions was given. The standpoints of relevant domestic and foreign legal theory, especially in English and Italian language, are considered to be an important source of law.
The dissertation is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter, in addition to stressing the importance of the subject matter of contracts on the employment of sea-going vessels, special attention was paid to the systematization of contracts on the employment of sea-going vessels from the standpoint of Croatian and comparative law.
The differences in the systematization of contracts on the employment of sea-going vessels in selected national legal systems were examined. Within the scope of the first chapter, in the overview of the status of the doctoral dissertation, dissertation problems – practical and theoretical problems – were described and the theoretical significance of the theoretical problem is stressed. Former researches were shown through the analysis and assessment of domestic and foreign legal and scientific literature. The purpose and goals, as well as research hypotheses, scientific methods used in the dissertation, and, finally, the expected scientific contribution were presented.
Bareboat charter contract in the Croatian law is the central topic of the dissertation’s second chapter. In the introductory part, most important sources of law of the bareboat charter contract were cited, as well as the hierarchical order of their application in the Croatian legal system, followed by specifying the concept of bareboat charter contract and defining the parties to the contract. Lack of harmonization of legal terminology regarding the names of parties to the bareboat charter was pointed out; namely, Maritime Code terminology has not been harmonized with the terms in the Civil Obligations Act. Special attention was given to essential components of the contract and forms of the bareboat charter contract, including the consequences of failing to adhere to the prescribed form. The reasons due to which the fact of the bareboat charter contract had been entered into the register of vessels were emphasised. The rights and obligations of both parties were individually analysed and, for the purpose of regular performance of the contract, specific sub-obligations, i.e. components of main obligations, were referred to. Special attention was given to the obligation of paying the hire, which includes the time and the place of the payment, the payment obligation caused by circumstances which arose and which prevent the employment of the vessel and legal consequences of the failure to pay the hire or being late in paying. The provisions of Croatian legal sources dealing with the position of the crew of the chartered vessel were analysed. Within the domain of liability of the parties, all aspects of contractual liability of each party were covered. The events of liability for non-contractual obligations which may arise during the vessel charter were established. The need for a detailed analysis of liability for non-contractual obligations was pointed out, given the fact that surrendering the vessel to the other party for use does not imply absolution from the liability for damages that the vessel might cause to third parties. Contract termination, statute of limitations for claims under the contract, law applicable for the bareboat charter contract, and the terms of sub-charter were also problematized. Finally, bareboat charter contract and time charter were comparatively analysed, and similarities and differences between these contracts were established.
Chapter three is dedicated to the analysis and interpretation of the provisions of the Standard Bareboat Charter BARECON 2001, which mostly deals with the analysis of the second, i.e. central part of the standard form. Analysis consists of several thematically divided sections, which, in addition to introductory and final provisions, also comprise a section related to the utilization of the vessel and performance of the bareboat charter. Most important rights and obligations of the parties according to the BARECON 2001 are established (delivery, cancelling, hire, redelivery). After that, all other rights and obligations of the parties related to the employment and performance of the contract (regulating the costs of vessel surveys, oil and stores at vessel delivery and redelivery, right to inspect the vessel, limitations on the vessel employment, maintenance and operation on the vessel, insurance for bareboat charter, as well as separate definition of war risk, lien/mortgage, indemnity, realisation of the right to reward for salvage at sea and contribution in general average, wreck removal, requirements for the assign the bareboat charter to a third party (especially the terms of sub-chartering the vessel), bank guarantee, requisition/acquisition, payment of commission to the brokers and, finally, termination of contract before the expiry of the contract term. The analysis of the BARECON 2001 also has sections on barebaot charter for newbuilding vessels, hire/purchase agreement and provisions to apply for vessels registered in a bareboat charter registry. In the analysis of the provisions of the BARECON 2001, examples of judicial practice solutions are cited by researching the collected rulings of foreign courts. The provisions were also analysed with regard to the previous BARECON 89, paying particular attention to the provisions which are different or new in the BARECON 2001. A critical review of the provisions which are deemed to be able to lead to different legal interpretations was given, and an effort is made to propose possible solutions. A lack of clear definition of the parties' tort liability related to the use of BARECON 2001 form was particularly emphasized, and a need for a greater number of amendments to the content, style or language of several provisions of the standard chapter was recognized. A review of international maritime conventions and clauses was also provided, which pertain to the rights, obligations and liability of the participants in maritime transport.
Chapter four of the dissertation analyses the legal regulation of a bareboat charter in comparative law. We start from the solutions provided by Italian and French law as an example of the legal regulation of bareboat charter in the continental legal system and solutions of English and American legal practice as examples of common law solutions. By analysing the bareboat charter provisions of selected comparative laws, the concept, types, form, rights, obligations and liability of the parties to the bareboat charter were defined. We
also encompassed other legal issues of the bareboat charter, such as the termination of the contract and conditions for extending the contract. Finally, in the final analysis, similarities and differences between the bareboat charter legal regulation, selected rights and comparisons and the provisions on bareboat charter in Croatian law, as well as with the provisions of the BARECON 2001 were presented.
In the final part of the dissertation, conclusions were made regarding the quality of legal regulation of bareboat charter from the standpoint of the Croatian legislative framework, provisions of the BARECON 2001 and the comparative legal analysis of legal provisions which regulate bareboat charters. Measures necessary for further improvement within the scope of provisions of the law and standard bareboat charter are proposed, and answers to stated hypotheses were given. |
