Evolutionary processes equipped the vertebrates with two important mechanisms responsible for cellular modification and healing, the repair mechanism and the regeneration mechanism. The consequence of tissue repair mediated by fibroblasts is the healing through collagen cicatricial tissue which can cause the appearance of fibroma at the cellular level. Regenerative mechanisms work at the molecular level in a constant process of maintenance and repair of cellular and tissue functionalities affecting the physiology of the cell itself. The regenerative procedures in the periodontal therapy have the aim of restitutio ad integrum of all the components of the periodontal complex dominantly composed of the periodontal ligament, root cement and alveolar bone. The simple idea of a complex process of regenerative therapy can be seen as an attempt at a clinically significant acceleration of the pace at which the body in physiological conditions replaces its functional constituents. The development of effective materials and methods is currently the domain of a multidisciplinary field of tissue engineering which is based on the molecular biology of the cell. Healing is a temporally and spatially sensitive process based on intercellular communication and cellular interaction with the extracellular matrix. Cell differentiation, growth and development are dependent on the gene expression. The research suggests the importance of selecting specific cells, bioactive molecules, and scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix. Technological advances have enabled research and development of materials with the desired biological properties. The use of protein derivatives and bioactive molecules has been demonstrated as successful, and together with the aforementioned gene therapy and immunomodulation is also being researched, with the aim of achieving the desired response of the body without the mediation of medications.