Tooth preparation is an everyday procedure in the work of a clinican and an indispensable part of restorative dental medicine. Since the invention of the first dental handpieces and rotary instruments, cutting instruments have been substantially improved until today. Nowadays they are available in a variety of shapes, made from different materials and with specific use recommendations considering the material type, rotation speed and recommended pressure. Besides rotary instruments, ultrasonic and sonic instruments, oscillating instruments and lasers have all been introduced to the dental profession during recent years. All the instruments used for tooth preparation have their own advantages and disadvantages, and require theoretical and practical knowledge about their use. After the cutting or grinding procedure is finished, the instruments should be thoroughly cleaned, disinfected and sterilized using different methods, about which the dentist also has to be informed. Although frequent, dental cutting is a risky procedure that can cause a variety of shortterm and long-term complications. Broadening of the supply of cutting instruments increases the number of possible complications that can arise during the tooth preparation procedure. However, correct and prompt education of dentists about the principles of tooth preparation and instruments used, enables the prevention or, at least, the damage control in case of eventual complications.