Understanding the genetic variability of species with high economic and ecological value such as pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and their properties in changing environmental conditions is particularly important in the context of current climate change. Suggested spatial variability of climate change impacts in Europe implies that widespread species like pedunculate oak may face different levels of climatic risks in different parts of their ranges. One of the consequences of climate change is an increase in the frequency of dry episodes during the vegetation period. Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is one of the species that prefers moist habitats. Therefore, knowledge of the impact of drought on this species is of great importance for the adaptation of forestry strategies and practices to altered environmental conditions. The research was conducted on offspring from nine different European provenances along the latitude (north-south) gradient. The provenance test was initialized with one-year-old seedlings. The saplings were exposed to experimental drought and then re-watered in four consecutive years. Spring and autumn leaf phenology, height growth, stomatal conductance and assimilation rate were scored. Through the responses of provenances to drought stress, the research objectives are focused on determining the level of adaptive genetic differentiation among provenances, the level of adaptive genetic variability within selected provenances and determining the pattern of their adaptive genetic differentiation. The results showed a carry-over effect of drought stress with opposite shifts in flushing phenology. Autumn leaf phenology was unambiguously delayed following the drought treatments for all studied provenances in every year during the trial. With respect on the phenological and morphological traits, genetic differentiation between and within the studied provenances was detected. A clinal pattern of genetic differentiation of provenances was detected with respect to the flushing phenology, but analyzes of the growth and autumn leaf phenology indicate on an ecotypic pattern of differentiation. Rapid recovery of individuals after re-wtering confirms the species' tolerance to short-term exposure to drought conditions.