| Abstract | Poremećaji iz spektra autizma odnose se na širok raspon stanja koje najčešće karakteriziraju smanjene socijalne vještine, ponavljajuće ponašanje te teškoće u verbalnoj i neverbalnoj komunikaciji. Mogućnost pojave autizma je čak četiri do pet puta veća kod dječaka nego djevojčica. Prema posljednjim podacima Izvješća o osobama s invaliditetom u Republici Hrvatskoj, Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo Republike Hrvatske, u RH živi ukupno 2.508 osoba s autizmom. Razlikujemo nekoliko vrsta poremećaja iz spektra autizma koje je još uvijek vrlo teško razlikovati, stoga kliničari imaju velik izazov pri postavljanju ispravne dijagnoze. Neke naznake autizma moguće je prepoznati već u prve tri godine života, a kada se to dogodi valja pravovremeno reagirati kako bi liječenje i terapije bile što učinkovitije. Nekim osobama može biti potrebna značajna podrška u svakodnevnom životu, dok će drugi možda trebati nešto manju pomoć, a u nekim slučajevima osobe s poremećajem iz spektra autizma mogu živjeti potpuno samostalno. Na razvoj autizma utječju brojni čimbenici poput genetskih, neuroloških i okolišnih, no pravi uzroci same pojave autizma još uvijek su nepoznati. Neki od prvih pokazatelja i simptoma pojave autizma kod djece u ranoj dobi su: poremećaji spavanja, slaba interakcija s okolinom, izbjegavanje kontakta očima, preosjetljivost na zvukove, ponavljanje određenih pokreta, radnji, rečenica ili pak nedovoljno ili u potpunosti nerazvijen govor. Danas postoji niz terapija, metoda liječenja i programa u koje se uključuju osobe s poremećajima iz autističnog spektra koji čine život njih i njihovih obitelji znatno lakšim. Neka djeca koja su prema procjeni stručnjaka spremna za inkluziju uključuju se i u redovne odgojno-obrazovne programe. Međutim, za taj korak odgojnoobrazovna ustanova dužna je unaprijed osigurati određene uvjete, kao što su: potrebna sredstva za rad, prilagođen prostor i dovoljan broj stručnih suradnika. Roditeljima su uz predškolski sustav ponuđeni i brojni edukativni programi i ustanove za pomoć s kojima mogu surađivati kako bi lakše prebrodili teške situacije u kojima se nalaze te naučili kako pomoći vlastitom djetetu i sebi samima. |
| Abstract (english) | Autism spectrum disorders are related to a wide range of conditions most commonly characterized by diminished social skills, repetitive behavior, and difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication. Boys are four-five times likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls. According to the latest data from the Report on Persons with Disabilities in the Republic of Croatia, the Croatian Institute of Public Health, there are a total of 2,508 people with autism living in the Republic of Croatia. We distinguish several types of disorders from the autism spectrum that are still very difficult to distinguish, so clinicians have big challenge in making the right diagnosis. Some signs of autism can be identified as early as the first three years of life, and when this happens, respond in a timely manner to make treatment and therapies as effective as possible. Some people with autism spectrum disorders may need significant support in their daily lives, while others may need slightly less help, and in some cases autistic persons may live independently. The development of autism is influenced by many factors such as genetic, neurological and environmental, but the true causes of autism themselves are still unknown. Some of the first indicators and symptoms of autism in young children are: sleep disorders, poor interaction with the environment, avoidance of eye contact, hypersensitivity to sounds, repetition of certain movements, actions, sentences or insufficiently or completely underdeveloped speech. Today, there are a number of therapies, treatment methods and programs that include people with ASD that make their lives and their parents lives much easier. Some of the children who, according to the experts' assessment, are capable of inclusion are also included in regular educational programs with adequate conditions, such as: the necessary resources for work, a suitable space and a sufficient number of professional associates. Parents are also offered a number of educational programs and support institutions to work with to help them overcome difficult situations and learn how to help their child and themselves. |
