This paper presents the purpose and importance of teaching traffic safety within the subject of Science and Social Studies. The main goal of teaching traffic safety is the protection and safety of children, as particularly vulnerable traffic participants, and the development of traffic intensity in the surrounding environment. The first part of the thesis gives a theoretical insight into the impact and role of Science and Social Studies on the development of theoretical and practical traffic knowledge and skills of pupils for a better and safer life in the time of continuous road traffic development. In the second part of the thesis, the results of the survey conducted by the questionnaire survey among third and fourth grade primary school pupils in the Republic of Croatia are presented. The aim of this research was to examine the level of pupils traffic knowledge and the application of this traffic knowledge in everyday traffic situations. The research was conducted in April 2019, and a total of 142 pupils participated. Statistical analysis of the data yielded results that show that there is no statistically significant difference in the level of traffic knowledge among third and fourth grade primary school pupils, but there is a statistically significant difference in the application of acquired traffic knowledge in everyday traffic situations. Third grade pupils are more likely to apply acquired traffic knowledge in everyday traffic situations compared to fourth-grade pupils. Also, research results show that girls and boys do not differ by the level of traffic knowledge but by the application of this knowledge in their daily traffic movement. Girls are more prone to applying acquired traffic knowledge than boys.