| Abstract | Goriva su izvori topline u stvarnom, fizičkom smislu, a mogu biti u svim agregatnim stanjima, također pod pojmom gorivo obično se podrazumjeva tvar koja u procesu izgaranja razvija toplinu iskoristivu u praksi. Gorivo je smjesa složenih kemijskih spojeva koji spadaju u kategoriju organskih spojeva vodika, ugljika, sumpora i dušika. Nakon što gorivo prođe kroz skladišne tankove, taložne tankove, postrojenja za pročišćavanje i dnevne tankove, ono ulazi u dizel motore. Gorivo mora doći u dizel motor pod ispravnom temperaturom i tlakom kako bi se što bolje raspršilo. Skladišenje i prijevoz goriva moraju biti takvi da gorivo ne gubi na kvaliteti.
Maziva se dobivaju iz nafte, gusta masa koja ostaje nakon benzina, petroleja i plinskog ulja, destilira se pod sniženim tlakom, a potom rafinira. Tekuća ili konvencionalna maziva se opčenito sastoje od baznog ulja ito najčešće oko 90% i aditiva oko 10%. Bazno uljemože biti mineralnog porijekla, sintetičko ili prirodno (biljno i životinjsko). Osnovna svojstva ulja su viskoznost, isparljivost, te temperatura paljenja i stinjavanja. Sustav podmazivanja glavnog motora može se podijeliti u dva sustava, jedan za podmazivanje cilindara motora i drugi za podmazivanje ležajeva, te križne glave. Također kao i za goriva vrijedi da se za prijevoz i skladištenje maziva mora osigurati da maziva ne gube na kvaliteti, te da ne dođe do zapaljenja uljnih para.
Dvije vrste voda se koriste na brodu, a to su slatka i slana voda. Najčešće one služe za hlađenje glavnih i pomočnih motora, te drugih strojeva, ali također se koristi i za piće. Na brodovima je potrebno imati određene uređaje za tretiranje tih voda, tj. prvo za proizvodnju slatke vode iz mora, te nakon toga sustave za pročišćavanje i tretiranje vode. Postoji više načina proizvodnje vode ali među najupotrebljivanijim su generator za proizvodnju vode i uređaj za proizvodnju vode metodom obrnute osmoze. |
| Abstract (english) | Fuel is a source of heat in a real, physical sense, and can be in all aggregate states, also in the notion of fuel usually refers to a substance that in the combustion process develops heat that can be utilized in practice. Fuel is a mixture of complex chemical compounds that fall into the category of organic compounds of hydrogen, carbon, sulfur and nitrogen. Once the fuel passes through the storage tanks, sediment tanks, treatment plants and daily tanks, it goes into diesel engines. Fuel must come into a diesel engine under proper temperature and pressure to disperse it better. Storage and transportation of fuel must be such that fuel does not lose its quality.
The lubricants are obtained from the fuel, the dense mass that remains after gasoline, petroleum and gas oil, is distilled under reduced pressure, and then refined. Liquid or conventional lubricants generally consist of base oil, most commonly about 90%, and additives about 10%. It is based on mineral base, synthetic or natural (plant and animal). The basic properties of the oil are viscosity, volatility, and ignition temperature and cracking. The main lubrication system can be divided into two systems, one for lubricating the engine cylinder and the other for lubricating the bearings, and the crosshead. Also, as for fuels, it is worthwhile to ensure that the lubricants do not lose quality on lubrication and storage of lubricants and that oil vapors are not ignited.
Two types of water are used on board, which are sweet (fresh) and salty water. Most commonly, they are used for cooling main and auxiliary engines, and other machines, but also used for drinking. On ships, it is necessary to have certain devices for the treatment of these waters, ie first for the production of freshwater from the sea, and then for water purification and treatment systems. There are several modes of water production, but among the most used are the generators for water production and the water production device by the reverse osmosis method. |
