| Abstract | Srce je šuplji mišićni organ koji je smješten u prsnom košu. Sastoji se od dvije pretklijetke te dvije klijetke. Srce je građeno od triju slojeva: endocardium, myocardium, epicardium. Srčani arterijski sustav sastoji se od desne i lijeve vjenačne, tj. koronarne arterije. Srčani provodni sustav sastoji se od čvorova i snopova. Započinje sinuatrijskim čvorom, nastavlja se na antrioventrikularni čvor te završava sa Hisovim snopom. Bolesti srca i krvnih žila nazivaju se kardiovaskularne bolesti. Kardiovaskularne bolesti su toliko razvijene u svijetu da se govori o epidemiji kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Prema podacima SZO kardiovaskularne bolesti su vodeći uzrok smrti u svijetu. Godišnje od kardiovaskularnih bolesti umire 17,3 milijuna ljudi. Na razini Europe kardiovaskularne bolesti godišnje uzmu 4,3 milijuna ljudi godišnje, a u Hrvatskoj je 2012. godine umrlo blizu 25 tisuća ljudi. Čimbenici koji utječu na razvoj bolesti mogu biti promjenjivi i nepromjenjivi, a neki od čimbenika su: dob, spol, ateroskleroza, hipertenzija, pretilost, šećerna bolest, stres i dr. klinička slika veoma je važna za dijagnozu same kardiovaskularne bolesti. Osnovni simptomi i znaci koji se mogu javiti kod kardiovaskularnih bolesnika su: bol, dispnea, umor, palpitacija, edem itd. Nakon postavljanja dijagnoze bolesnik se šalje u bolnicu na kardiokiruški zahvat. Medicinska sestra ima važnu ulogu u edukaciji i pripremi kardiokiruškog bolesnika. Psihološka priprema jedan je od važnijih faktora za oporavak bolesnika. Dokazano je da dobra psihička priprema pridonosi boljem podnošenju operacijskog zahvata, bržem oporavljanju, bolesnik treba manje analgetika, a boravak u bolnici se skraćuje za 1 – 2 dana. Fizička priprema obuhvaća rutinske pretrage, prehranu, priprema probavnog trakta, primjena premedikacije, brijanje operativnog bolja. Nakon operativnog zahvata sestra će na vrijeme prepoznati moguće postoperativne poteškoće i komplikacije. Medicinska sestra će i nakon operacije i prije samog povratka kući educirati pacijenta te njegovu obitelj. Izlaskom iz bolnice bolesnik se šalje na rehabilitaciju koja je u današnje vrijeme sustavni dio zbrinjavanja kardiovaskularnih bolesnika. Bolesnik bi nakon rehabilitacije trebao povratiti fizičku te psihičku snagu. Svi bolesnici i njihovi obitelji u strahu su kako će izgledati bolesnikov život nakon operativnog zahvata, a to ovisi samo o bolesniku te obitelji. Bolesnik će se morati prilagoditi na njemu neuobičajen način života te će njegova aktivnost morati biti ograničena uz puno odricanja. Nakon izlaska iz bolnice najvažnija je prevencija ponovne kardiovaskularne bolesti na što utječe promjena bolesnikova stila života. Bolesnici oboljeli od kardiovaskularnih bolesti većinom su kronični bolesnici pa često zahtijevaju doživotnu zdravstvenu skrb. |
| Abstract (english) | The heart is a hallow muscular organ placed in the chest wall. It consists of two atria and two ventricles. The heart is built of three layers: endocardium, pericardium, and myocardium. The heart artery system consists of the right and left flanking coronary arteries. The heart delivery system consists of knots and bondles. It begins with the sinuatric node, continues on the anthropoctricular node and ends wuth Hisov beam. Disease of heart and blood vessels are called cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are so developed in the world that people talk about an epidemic of cardiovascular disease. According to WHO data, cardiovascular disease are the leading cause of death in the world. Annually, 17.3 milion people die of cardiovascular disease. At European level, cardiovascular diseases take 4.3 milion people annually, and in 2012. nearly 25 000 people died in Croatia. Factors affecting the development of the disease may be variable and invariable, and some of the factors are: age, sex, stress, diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, etc. Clinical picture is very important for the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. The main symptoms and signs that can occur in cardiovascular patients are pain, dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, edema, etc. After diagnosis, the patiens is sent to the hospital for cardiac surgery. A nurse has an important role in educating and preparing a cardiac patient. Psychological preparation is one of the most important factors for patient recovery. It has been proven that good osychological preparation contributes to the better operation of the surgery, faster recovery, the patient needs less analgesics and hospital stay is reduced by 1 to 2 days. Physical preparation includes routine examination, nutrition, digestive tract preparation, premedication, shaving of the operating pole. After surgery, the nurse will in time identify possible postoperative difficulties and complicationes. The nurse will be educate the patient and his family after the surgery and before return home. By leaving the hospital, the patient is sent to rehabilitation, which is a systematic part of the treatment of cardiovascular patients. After rehabilitation, the patient should regan pysical and osychological strenght. All patients and their families are afraid of how the patients' life will look after the operation, which depends only on the patient and his family. The patient will have to adapt to him an unusual way of life and his activity will have to be limited with a lot of renunciation. After leaving the hospital, the most important is prevention of recardiovascular disease which affects the patient's lifestyle. Patients suffering from cardiovascular disease are mostly chronic patients and often require a lifelong health care. |
