| Abstract | U današnje vrijeme alergijske reakcije na hranu su u velikom porastu zbog različitih čimbenika kao što su užurban način života, različite kulture i običaji te načini prehrane koji se razlikuju u različitim zemljama. Alergija na hranu je preosjetljivost na određene alergene u hrani. Alergijske reakcije na hranu obično se javljaju vrlo rano, pa čak i u dojenačkoj dobi. Postoji mnogo nutritivnih alergena međutim među najčešćima se ističu proteini koji su prisutni u kravljem mlijeku, jajima, žitaricama, brašnu, orašastim plodovima, ribi te školjkama. Alergijske reakcije na hranu mogu varirati od gotovo neprimjetnih pa do vrlo teških. Primjer toga je anafilaktička reakcija koja predstavlja po život opasno stanje i zahtijeva hitnu intervenciju. Najčešće se liječe eliminacijom odnosno izbjegavanjem nutritivnih alergena i dijetoterapijom te antihistaminicima i kortikosteroidima. Istraživanje je provedeno u vremenskom periodu od 02.04 do 14.07.2020 godine te je sudjelovalo 204 sudionika čija djeca polaze vrtić na području Varaždinske županije. Istraživanje je bilo dobrovoljno i anonimno te je bilo distribuirano putem e-pošte i facebooka. Rezultati su pokazali kako većina sudionika zna prepoznati definiciju alergijske reakcije na hranu, najčešće alergene i simptome. Što se tiče liječenja, većina je navela samo eliminaciju hrane koja izaziva samu alergijsku reakciju te dijetoterapiju što nije jedini način liječenja. Djeca sudionika koja imaju alergiju na hranu u manjini su (19,12%) te su najčešći nutritivni alergeni orašasti plodovi (kikiriki, lješnjaci), mlijeko, jaja te gluten odnosno pšenica i pšenični proizvodi. Većina djece s alergijskom reakcijom na hranu ima blaže gastrointestinalne i kožne simptome te alergijsku reakciju najčešće liječe eliminacijom nutritivnih alergena te dijetoterapijom. Također istraživanje pokazuje kako većina sudionika smatra da alergija na hranu u vrtiću ne predstavlja problem te da su odgojitelji dovoljno educirani. U prevenciji i prepoznavanju ranih simptoma veliku ulogu ima medicinska sestra kojoj je zadatak educirati roditelje i obitelj o alergiji na hranu i alergijskim reakcijama te biti podrška i potpora prilikom liječenja. |
| Abstract (english) | Nowadays, allergic reactions to food are on the rise due to various factors such as hectic lifestyle, different cultures and customs, and diets that differ in different countries. Food allergy is a hypersensitivity to certain allergens in food. Allergic reactions to food usually occur very early, and even in infancy. There are many nutritional allergens, but among the most common are proteins present in cow's milk, eggs, cereals, flour, nuts, fish and shellfish. Allergic reactions to food can range from almost imperceptible to very severe. An example of this is an anaphylactic reaction that is a life-threatening condition and requires urgent intervention. They are most often treated by eliminating or avoiding nutritional allergens and diet therapy, as well as antihistamines and corticosteroids. The research was conducted in the period from April 2 to July 14, 2020, and included 204 participants, whose children attend kindergarten in the Varaždin County. The survey was voluntary and anonymous and was distributed via email and Facebook. The results showed that most participants know how to recognize the definition of an allergic reaction to food, the most common allergens and symptoms. As for treatment, most participants mentioned only the elimination of food that causes the allergic reaction itself and diet therapy, which is not the only treatment. The children of the participants who have food allergies are in the minority (19.12%) and the most common nutritional allergens are nuts (peanuts, hazelnuts), milk, eggs and gluten, or wheat and wheat products. Most children with an allergic reaction to food have milder gastrointestinal and skin symptoms, and the allergic reaction is most often treated by eliminating nutritional allergens and diet therapy. The research also shows that most participants believe that food allergy in kindergarten is not a problem and that educators are sufficiently educated. A nurse has a big role in the prevention and recognition of early symptoms. Nurse’s task is to educate parents and family about food allergies and allergic reactions, and to be support during treatment. |
