| Abstract | Rak vrata maternice je maligna je bolest koja nastaje na stanicama sluznice vrata maternice. U većini slučajeva nastaje zbog dugotrajne, neliječene infekcije visokorizičnim tipovima humanog papiloma virusa (HPV). Rak vrata maternice četvrti je najčešći rak kod žena u svijetu i jedan od tri najčešća karcinoma koji pogađaju žene mlađe od 45 godina. Čimbenici rizika za nastanak raka vrata maternice uključuju nezaštićeni spolni odnos, poligamiju, loš socioekonomski status, rano stupanje u spolne odnose, nisku razinu obrazovanja, rani reproduktivni ciklus, pušenje, višegodišnje korištenje oralne kontracepcije, višerotke, promjenjene u hormonalnom i imunološkom sustavu, prisutnost drugih spolno prenosivih infekcija. Humani papiloma virus tip 16, 18 i 31 onkogene je prirode i uzrokuju rak vrata maternice. Što se tiče prevencije, rak vrata maternice može se spriječiti edukativnim programima, cijepljenjem, probirom i ranim otkrivanjem. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija preporučuje cijepljenje protiv HPV-a kao primarnu preventivnu metodu zaštite od HPV-a među djevojčicama i dječacima od 9 do 14 godina. Također, u Republici Hrvatskoj pokrenut je program preventivnih pregleda, odnosno probirnih testova, u sklopu Nacionalnog programa ranog otkrivanja raka vrata maternice. Uloga medicinske sestre u prevenciji raka vrata maternice na razini primarne zdravstvene zaštite je edukacija populacije, osobito žena, o važnosti redovitih ginekoloških pregleda, redovitim PAPA test probirima, o rizičnim čimbenicima koji dovode do raka vrata maternice te na koji se način on može prevenirati, također koji se simptomi javljaju kod već razvijenog raka vrata maternice i koje su mogućnosti njegova liječenja. |
| Abstract (english) | Cervical cancer is a malignant disease that originates in the cells of the mucous membrane of the cervix. In most cases, it is caused by long-term, untreated infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in the world and one of the three most common cancers affecting women under the age of 45. Risk factors for cervical cancer include unprotected sex, polygamy, poor socioeconomic status, early sexual intercourse, low level of education, early reproductive cycle, smoking, long-term use of oral contraceptives, multiple births, changes in the hormonal and immune system, presence of other sexually transmitted infections. Human papillomavirus types 16, 18 and 31 are oncogenic and cause cervical cancer. In terms of prevention, cervical cancer can be prevented through educational programs, vaccination, screening and early detection. The World Health Organization recommends vaccination against HPV as the primary preventive method of protection against HPV among girls and boys aged 9 to 14 years. Also, in the Republic of Croatia, a program of preventive examinations, or screening tests, was launched as part of the National Program for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer. The nurse's role in the prevention of cervical cancer at the level of primary health care is to educate the population, especially women, about the importance of regular gynecological examinations, regular Pap smear screenings, about the risk factors that lead to cervical cancer and how it can be prevented, also what are the symptoms of already developed cervical cancer and what are the treatment options. |
