| Abstract | Borba za investituru je sukob svjetovne i duhovne vlasti koji su obilježili papa
Grgur VII.i car Henrik IV. Do sukoba je došlo kada je Crkva ojačala provedbom
clunyjske reforme, koju su potpomagali vladari Saske dinastije. Reformatori iz Clunya
su širili svoj utjecaj i stvorili su samostane koji su bili ovisni o njima.Borili su se protiv
simonije, nikolaitizma i laičke investiture. Reformirana Crkva je povećala svoj ugled i
podršku u društvu, što je omogućilo poglavaru Crkve da uđe u sukob sa svjetovnim
vladarima i da traži njihovu podložnost. Da problem nije bio samo u pitanju investiture
bilo je očito nakon sklapanja Wormskog konkordata, kada je sukob riješen, ali samo
formalno. Temeljno je pitanje bilo hoće li prvenstvo imati duhovna ili svjetovna vlast.
U to vrijeme su nastali i neki novi redovi, ali i heretički pokreti. Proizvod tog vremena
su i križarski pohodi, ali i uvođenje promjena pri izboru pape, a ne treba zaboraviti i
crkveni raskol. Nakon Sasa došli su Hohenstaufovci kojima je ugled podigao Fridrik
II., koji je više puta izopćavan od strane pape. Inocent III. je najmoćniji papa, koji je
imao utjecaj u gotovo svim europskim zemljama. Niti jedna strana nije postigla željeni
uspjeh jer su Hohenstaufovci izumrli, a papa nije ostvario moć koju je želio i to su
iskoristile druge monarhije kako bi ojačale. |
| Abstract (english) | Investiture Controversywas a conflict between the secular and spiritual,
authority, which was marked by pope Gregory VII and emperor Henry IV.The conflict
started once the Church became stronger by implementing the Cluniac Reform,
supported by the leaders of the Saxon dynasty. Followers of the Cluniac Reform
spread their influence and built monasteries that depended on them. They fought
against simony, nicolaitanism and lay investiture. The reformed Church, with
increased influence and approval of the society, was now able to start a conflict with
the secular leaders and demand their submission. After assembling the Concordat of
Worms the conflict subsided, but only formally. It then became apparent that the
problem wasn’t solely in the issue of investiture. This lead to the next question “Will
the lead be taken by spiritual or secular authorities?”. During that time some new
religious orders appeared, but so did some heretical movements. Some of the other
products from this period of time were the crusades, a change within the selection of
the Pope and, not to be forgotten, the Est – West Schism of 1054. The Saxon
dynasty was followed by the Hohenstaufen dynasty, whose reputation grew because
of Frederick II, who was excommunicated by the Pope on multiple occasions. Inocent
III was the most powerful pope, who spread his influence in almost all European
countries at the time. Neither of the sides accomplished their goal, because the
Hohenstaufen dynasty became extinct and the pope didn’t manage to achieve the
power he wanted. For that reason, other monarchies took the chance to expand their
power. |
