| Abstract | Influenca ptica kontagiozna je bolest sa zoonotskim potencijalom uzrokovana virusima iz roda
Influenzavirus A, porodice Orthomyxoviridae. Ove viruse, koje dijelimo na nisko patogene i
visoko patogene sojeve, karakterizira visoka varijabilnost i sklonost mutacijama koja se može
klinički različito manifestirati. Visoko patogeni sojevi virusa influence ptica nastaju
mutacijama nisko patogenih sojeva virusa podtipova H5 i H7. Najčešći prirodni domaćini su
patke, a aberantni domaćini su kokoši, purani te sisavci poput svinje, konja i čovjeka. Prirodni
domaćini virusa predstavljaju rezervoare ovih virusa i izvor su zaraze za ostale ptice, domaće
sisavce i ljude. U većini slučajeva, kod prirodnih domaćina ne dolazi do razvoja teške kliničke
slike, štoviše, oni su uglavnom asimptomatski prenositelji infekcije. Klinička slika ovisi o soju
virusa, čimbenicima okoliša, sekundarnim infekcijama te vrsti, dobi, spolu i imunosnom statusu
domaćina. Nisko patogeni i visoko patogeni virusi podtipova H5 i H7 kontinuirano se nadziru
unutar populacija peradi, domaćih ptica, pernate divljači i divljih ptica. Pojavnost influence u
domaće peradi ima za posljedicu usmrćivanje i neškodljivo uklanjanje sveobuhvatne populacije
peradi nekog područja, stoga ova bolest uzrokuje velike ekonomske gubitke i poprima sve veći
ekonomski i javno-zdravstveni značaj. Ova bolest je sveprisutna opasnost za peradarsku
proizvodnju na što ukazuju epizootije u proteklim desetljećima, kontinuirana nazočnost visoko
patogenih virusa kod divljih ptica kao i novi potvrđeni slučajevi influence u uzgojima peradi u
Hrvatskoj i Europi. U Republici Hrvatskoj pojavnost influence u divljih ptica prati se od 2005.
godine, kada su zabilježeni prvi slučajevi ove bolesti. Od divljih vrsta, virus je u Hrvatskoj
najčešće detektiran u uginulim labudovima, potom u drugim osjetljivim vrstama poput divljih
gusaka, sivih čaplji i velikih vranaca. Proteklih godina u Hrvatskoj se u divljih ptica i domaće
peradi najčešće pojavljuju visoko patogeni virusi podtipova H5N1 i H5N8. |
| Abstract (english) | Avian influenza is a contagious disease with zoonotic potential caused by a virus from the genus
Influenzavirus A, family Orthomyxoviridae. These viruses, which are divided into lowpathogenic and highly-pathogenic strains, are characterized by high variability and a propensity
for mutations that can clinically differently manifest. Highly pathogenic strains of avian
influenza are developed by mutations of low pathogenic strains of subtypes H5 and H7. The
most common natural hosts are ducks, and aberrant hosts are chickens, turkeys and mammals
such as pigs, horses and humans. The natural hosts represent reservoirs of this disease and are
a source of infection for other birds, domestic mammals and humans. In most cases, the natural
hosts do not develop severe clinical signs, moreover, they are mostly asymptomatic carriers of
the infection. The clinical signs depend on the strain of the virus, environmental factors,
secondary infections and the type, age, sex and immune status of the host. Both types of strains
are continuously monitored within the populations of poultry, domestic birds, game and wild
birds. The occurrence of influenza results in killing and safe disposal of the entire poultry
population of an area, therefore this disease causes great economic losses and takes on an
increasing economic and public health impact. The disease is an omnipresent danger for poultry
production, as evidenced by epidemics in the past decades, continuous presence of highly
pathogenic viruses in wild birds as well as new by recently confirmed cases of influenza in
poultry in Croatia and Europe. In the Republic of Croatia, the occurrence of influenza in wild
birds has been monitored since 2005, when the first cases of this disease were recorded. Among
wild species in Croatia, the virus is most often detected in dead swans, then in other sensitive
species such as wild geese, grey herons and great cormorants. In recent years, highly pathogenic
viruses of H5N1 and H5N8, have most often appeared in wild birds and domestic poultry in
Croatia. |
