| Abstract | U radu je prikazan način ulova ribe u starim civilizacijama, srednjem vijeku i u novije doba do 19. stoljeća na području Republike Hrvatske kao i u cijelom svijetu. Povijesni podatci zasnovani na arheološkim nalazima upućuju na to da se čovjek koristio priborom za ribolov još u kamenom dobu, a sigurno se bavio ribolovom i u mlađem paleolitiku. Stari Egipćani bavili su se ribolovom 5500. – 4000. g. pr. Kr. te su poznavali ribolov pomoću udica, mreža i koplja. Prije četiri tisuće godina u Kini su doneseni zakoni o zabrani ribolova za vrijeme mriješćenja, a Feničani su dobro poznavali ribolov pomoću svjetla. Stari Hebreji ribu prerađuju i sole, a ne jedu ribu bez vidljivih ljusaka kao što su jegulja, som, morski pas, morska mačka, raža i dr. U staroj Grčkoj Aristotel navodi 110 vrsta ribe od kojih se danas može identificirati 50.
U srednjem vijeku ribarenje je bilo u rukama privilegiranih i bogatih. Ribarstvo, prerada i upotreba ribe za prehrani ljudi naglo su se razvijali te se izrađuju brodovi za ribarenje. Arthedi (1705. – 1735.) razvrstava ribe u razrede i redove, a Linné opisuje 2600 vrsta riba.
Na našim prostorima najstariji podatci o ribolovu potječu iz 6. stoljeća u Istri, a prvi spomen ribarstva s područja Dalmacije potječe iz 995. godine iz darovnice zadarskog plemstva. Prva povijesna zakonodavna regulacija načina ribolova, mjesta prodaje ribe, cijene ribe, načina prodaje ribe te kazne o nepoštovanju tog zakonodavstva spominje se u srednjovjekovnim statutima otoka, priobalnih i istarskih gradova. Deseti dio ulovljene ribe davao se kao daća u Korčuli, u Rabu osmi dio, u Trogiru se davao šesti dio, a u Dubrovniku su obveze ribara bile prema knezu, njegovu zamjeniku, nadbiskupu, prokuratorima i majstoru crkve. U Šibeniku, Lastovu, Hvaru, Pagu i Puli riba se mogla prodavati samo u ribarnici, u Splitu na ribljem trgu, a u Trogiru u trogirskoj luci. Prodavatelj je pri prodaji morao stajati uz ribu i nije smio imati ništa na glavi (Trogir, Rab, Hvar). U pojedinim statutima određena je cijena ribe po vrstama.
Dalje se u radu prikazuje uglavnom razvoj ribarstva u smislu gradnje novih sredstava za ribolov (čamaca i brodova) kao i stalna borba za mjesto ribolova. |
| Abstract (english) | This thesis presents the metod of catching fish in ancient civilisations, the Middle Ages, and new ages up to the 19th century in Croatia and in the whole world. Historical data based on archaelogical findings indicate that man had used fishing equipment as early as the Stone Age, and certainly in young Paleolithic. The ancient Egyptians were fishing since 5500-4000 BC, and they knew how to fish using hooks, nets and spears. Four thousand years ago laws were passed in China banning fishing during spawning time. In that time Phoenicians were then already well acquainted with fishing using lights. The ancient Hebrews were processing and salting fish, but they were not eating scaleless fish such as eels, catfish, dogfish, rays and others. In ancient Greece, Aristotel listed 110 species of fish, of which 50 can be identified today.
In the Middle Ages, fishing was in hands of privileged and rich people. Fishing, processing and the use of fish in human consumption developed rapidly, and fishing boats were starting to be built. Arthedi (1705-1735) classified species into classes and orders, and Linné listed 2600 species of fish.
In our area, the oldest data about fishing originates in 6th century in Istria, and the fishing was first mentioned in Dalmatia back in 995 when Zadar was given the nobility. The first historical legislative regulation of the method of fishing, location for fish selling, prices for the fish, way of selling fish and penalty for non-compliance with legislation was mentioned in the medieval statutes of islands, coastal and Istrian towns. In Korčula the tenth part of the caught fish had to be given to the governor as a tax, eighth part in Rab, sixth in Trogir. In Dubrovnik, the fisherman were obligated to give the part to the governor, his deputy, archbishop, procurators and the master of the church. In Šibenik, Lastovo, Hvar, Pag and Pula, fish could only be sold in the fish market, in Split on the fish square and in Trogir in the port of Trogir. The seller had to stand next to the fish during the sale and was not allowed to have anything on his head (Trogir, Rab, Hvar). In some statutes, the price of fish was determined by species.
Furthermore, the paper presents mainly the development of fishing in terms of building new fishing equipment such as boats, as well as the constant „fight“ for the place for the fishing. |
