Prolonged postpartum anestrus negatively affects the fertility of dairy cows and it is one of the most common reasons for culling. It is clinically manifested by anovulatory cycles, poor estrus expression, and prolonged luteal phase. Negative energy balance is considered to be the most important cause of prolonged anestrus. An effective strategy for selecting the time of first insemination after calving is an important part of successful dairy reproduction management. The voluntary waiting period is defined as the time after birth during which the cows are not inseminated, although they may have shown signs of estrus. Prolonged voluntary waiting period allows complete involution of the uterus, recovery from postpartum disorders, and the establishment of normal ovarian cycling to improve the percentage of conception after artificial insemination. Also, parity may be one of the risk factors for anestrus. The classification of different types of anestrus is based on the follicular and luteal dynamics of the ovaries. The categorization of ovarian follicular dynamics is based on follicle diameter through three stages of development, recruitment, selection, and ovulation. Detection and prevention of risk factors leading to anestrus is based on body condition score, improvement of estrus detection, gynecological examinations during puerperium, determination of metabolites in the blood and control of the locomotion system. Synchronization protocols are usually used in herds with poor estrus detection. One of the most commonly used in dairy cows is Ovsynch.