| Abstract | Bolesti prenosive člankonošcima uzrokovane su mikroorganizmima koji se prenose ubodom hematofagnog člankonošca, u većini slučajeva krpelja ili komarca, te su ovisne i određene klimatskim uvjetima i staništem. Pod utjecajem globalnih klimatskih promjena dolazi i do promjena u samim vektorima, prvenstveno u smislu poboljšanja njihove sposobnosti širenja bakterija, virusa, protozoa i helminta. Parazitski člankonošci (pr. krpelji, buhe, komarci i papatači) učinkoviti su prijenosnici velikog broja bakterija, virusa, protozoa i helminta koji inficiraju stoku, kućne ljubimce i čovjeka. Najznačajnije su bolesti prenosive vektorima u pasa one koje prenose krpelji i komarci, a u Republici Hrvatskoj su dokazani slijedeći uzročnici: Babesia canis, Babesia vogeli, Babesia caballi, Babesia gibsoni, Theileria annae, Theileria equi, Babesia microti, Hepatozoon canis, Leishmania infantum, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma phagocytophilum i Borellia burgdorferi sensu lato.
Ciljevi su ovog istraživanja bili: pridonijeti boljem poznavanju patogeneze babezioze, utvrditi prevalenciju koinfekcije u pasa oboljelih od babezioze, utvrditi prevalenciju koinfekcije u pasa oboljelih od kompliciranog oblika babezioze, utvrditi postoji li korelacija između koinfekcije i kliničkog tijeka, oblika i ishoda babezioze i utvrditi razlike u kliničkoj slici i laboratorijskim pokazateljima u pasa oboljelih od nekompliciranog i kompliciranog oblika babezioze ovisno o prisutstvu ko-infekcije.
Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno 127 pasa zaprimljenih u ambulantu Klinike za unutarnje bolesti Veterinarskog fakulteta u Zagrebu u razdoblju od 01.01.2009. do 31.12.2012. godine. Svim psima je potvrđena dijagnoza babezioze pronalaskom protozoe Babesia canis u razmasku periferne krvi. Neposredno nakon postavljanja dijagnoze jednokratno je svim psima apliciran imidokarb dipropionat. U svim je pretraženim uzorcima krvi pasa PCR metodom potvrđena vrsta Babesia canis. Od 127 pasa uključenih u istraživanje, 15% ih je bilo seropozitivno na vrstu Anaplasma phagocytophilum, dok ih je 85% bilo seronegativno. Niti jedan pas nije bio seropozitivan na vrste Ehrlichia canis, Borellia burgdorferi, Leishmania infantum, te u niti jednog psa nije dokazan antigen vrste Dirofilaria immitis. Kod niti jednog psa seropozitivnog na vrstu Anaplasma phagocytophilum PCR metodom nije dokazana DNA specifična za rod Anaplasma, kao niti za vrstu Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
Ovim istraživanjem je utvrđeno da postoji statistički značajna obzirom na dobnu strukturu istraživane populacije. Naime, veća je frekvencija pojave seropozitivnosti na vrstu Anaplasma phagocytophilum u srednjoj do starijoj dobi. Nadalje, u seropozitivnih pasa utvrđena je statistički značajno niža temperatura u odnosu na seronegativne pse. Razmatrajući pojavu komplikacija babezioze, najčešće su bile prisutne: sindrom višestrukog zatajivanja organa (MODS), akutna ozljeda bubrega, akutna rabdomioliza i imunosno-posredovana hemolitička anemija. Komplicirani oblik babezioze pojavio se u ukupno 29% istraživane populacije pasa, a utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika u pojavnosti kompliciranog oblika babezioze u seropozitivnih u odnosu na seronegativne pse. Nadalje, utvrđena je statistički značajna veća pojavnost MODS-a, akutne ozljede bubrega, akutne rabdomiolize, imunosno-posredovane hemolitičke anemije i diseminirane intravaskularne koagulacije u serpozitivnih pasa. U ovom istraživanju je utvrđeno da je vjerojatnost pojave komplikacija 4,81 puta veća u seropozitivnih nego u seronegativnih životinja, te da se vjerojatnost pojave komplikacija povećava što je životinja starija. U diferencijalnoj krvnoj slici zabilježen je statistički značajno veći udio nesegmentiranih neutrofilnih leukocita i monocita u seropozitivnih pasa, a od biokemijskih pokazatelja statistički značajno viša aktivnost kreatin kinaze i aspartat-aminotransferaze. Što se mortaliteta tiče, u ovom je istraživanju iznosio 6,3%. Ishod babezioze bio je statistički značajno nepovoljniji kod pasa koji su razvili komplicirani oblik babezioze, a istraživanje je pokazalo da seropozitivnost na Anaplasma phagocytophilum predstavlja čimbenik rizika za razvoj komplicirane babezioze, koji u konačnici i utječe na konačni ishod bolesti. |
| Abstract (english) | Arthropod-borne diseases are caused by microorganisms transmitted by the bite of a hematophagous arthropod, in the majority of cases by the bite of a tick or mosquito. They are dependant on global climate conditions and habitat, which are interconnected with the biological needs of the microorganism, its arthropod vector and reservoir host (mammal). Influenced by the global climatic changes, changes in the vectors themselves appear, namely, changes in their ability to trasmitt bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Parasitic arthropods (i. e. ticks, fleas, mosquitos, sandflies) are effective carriers of numerous bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths, with which in turn cattle, companion animals and humans are infected. The most significant vector-borne diseases in dogs are those transmitted by arthropod vectors, and in the Republic of Croatia following microorganisms have been demostrated: Babesia canis, Babesia vogeli, Babesia caballi, Babesia gibsoni, Theileria annae, Theileria equi, Babesia microti, Hepatozoon canis, Leishmania infantum, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma phagocytophilum i Borellia burgdorferi sensu lato.
The main goals of this study were to contribute to better understanding of canine babesiosis pathogenesis, determine the rate of co-infection in dogs with babesiosis, especially in the cases of complicated babesiosis. Also, to establish if there is a correlation between co-infection and clinical course, form and outcome of canine babesiosis, and to determine differences in clinical signs and laboratory findings between dogs that are in co-infection and those that are not.
In this study 127 dogs addmited at the Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Zagreb between January 1 2009 and December 31 2012, that were diagnosed with canine babesiosis were included. Diagnosis of canine babesiosis was established by finding of protozoa Babesia canis in the smear of peripheral blood. All dogs received single dose of antibabesial drug, imidocarb-dipropionate. In blood samples of all dogs, by the means of PCR, Babesia canis as a causative agent has been confirmed. Of 127 dogs included in the study which were tested with IDEXX Snap4DX, 15% of dogs tested positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, while 85% of dogs tested negative. None of the dogs tested positive for Ehrlichia canis, Borellia burgdorferi, Leishmania infantum, and Dirofilaria immitis. In dogs that tested positive additionaly PCR was done to establish active infection, but in none of the dogs Anaplasma-specific DNA was not demonstrated.
This study showed that statistically significant difference exists in regard to age structure of the studied population. Increased frequency of seropositivity was demonstrated in middle aged to older dogs. Furthermore, in seropositive dogs statistically significant lower temperature was found, compared to seronegative dogs. Most frequently observed complication of canine babesiosis was multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), followed by acute kidney injury, acute rhabomyolysis and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Complicated babesiosis developed in 29% of dogs, and statistically significant difference in development of complicated babesiosis between seropositive and seronegative dogs was demonstrated. Also, in seropositive dogs statistically significant higher incidence of MODS, acute kidney injury, acute rhabdomyolysis, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation was demonstrated. Dogs that tested seropositive had a 4.81 times higher probability for development of complications of canine babesiosis. The probability for development of complications also increased with age. In differential blood count statistically significant increase in numbers of nonsegmented neutrophils and monocytes were observed in the group of seropositive dogs. Of biochemical parameters, dogs that tested seropositive had statistically higher activity of creatin kinase and aspartate aminotranspherase. Regarding the mortality rate, in this study it totaled 6.3%. In dogs that developed complicated babesiosis statistically higher incidence of unfavourable outcome was demostrated, while seropositivity to Anaplasma phagocytophilum represented a risk factor for development of complicated canine babesiosis, which in turn influences the final outcome of the disease. |
