| Abstract | Blizanački graviditet kobila često završava pobačajem, ranom embrionalnom smrtnosti,
preranim porodom ili rađanjem mrtve, slabe ili deformirane ždrebadi, što dovodi do
smanjene koncepcije kobila i ekonomskih gubitaka. Cilj rada je odrediti učestalost i
pasminsku predispoziciju za pojavu blizanaca kod kobila te analizirati ishode i mogućnost
intervencije. Kobile su podijeljene u tri uzgojna tipa: hladnokrvnjaci, toplokrvnjaci i poniji.
Hladnokrvne kobile su razvrstane u tri pasmine: hrvatski hladnokrvnjak (HH), hrvatski
posavac (HP) te ostale pasmine hladnokrvnjaka (OH). Toplokrvne su razvrstane u četiri
kategorije: engleski punokrvnjak (EP), arapski punokrvnjak (AP), lipicanac (L) te ostali
toplokrvni konji (OT). U desetogodišnjem razdoblju (od 2010. do 2019. godine) pregledano
je ukupno 646 kobila, pacijentica Klinike za porodništvo i reprodukciju, u svrhu dijagnostike
gravidnosti. Graviditet je ustanovljen u 454 kobile (70,28 %) od ukupnog broja pregledanih
kobila), od kojih je 15 kobila imalo blizance (3,3 %). Uočena je statistički značajna razlika
(p<0,05) u koncepciji između lipicanskih kobila (78,23 %) u odnosu na arapske punokrvne
(58,33 %) i ostale toplokrvne kobile (66,17 %), dok je kod hladnokrvnjaka velika razlika
između hrvatskih hladnokrvnih (64,13 %) i hrvatskih posavskih (68,18 %) u odnosu na ostale
hladnokrvne kobile (80,0 %). Uočena je statistički značajna razlika u pojavnosti blizanaca
između hladnokrvnih (1,28 %) i toplokrvnih pasmina konja (3,83 %). Kod poni kobila nije
zabilježena blizanačka gravidnost. U toplokrvnih pasmina uočena je statistički značajna
razlika u pojavi blizanaca (p<0,05) između engleskih punokrvnih (12,0 %) i lipicanskih
kobila (2,06 %). Zabilježeno je ukupno 5 slučajeva pobačaja blizanaca u zadnjoj trećini
gravidnosti što iznosi 33,33 % od ukupnog broja utvrđenih blizanačkih gravidnosti (n=15).
Opisane su korištene metode redukcije blizanaca: manualno gnječenje ploda, TUGA
(transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration) te je u jednom slučaju uspješno primjenjena
restriktivna hranidba. S obzirom da blizanačka gravidnost rezultira učestalim gubicima oba
ploda i posljedično smanjenom koncepcijom, važna je edukacija vlasnika o uzgojnom
menadžmentu kobila koji uključuje redovite kontrole prije i nakon pripusta ili
osjemenjivanja. Rana dijagnostika gravidnosti omogućuje pravovremeno otkrivanje
blizanaca što rezultira većim izborom metoda redukcije jednog od blizanaca i postizanje više
stope koncepcije. |
| Abstract (english) | Twin pregnancy in mares often ends in abortion, early embryonic loss, premature birth or in
birth of dead, weak or deformed foals, which leads to reduced conception of mares and
economic loss. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the frequency and predisposition
of the breed for prevalence of twins in mares, as well as to analyze the outcomes and the
possibility of intervention. The mares are categorized according to three horse types: coldblooded, warm-blooded and ponies. Cold-blooded mares are divided into three breeds:
Croatian coldblood (HH), Croatian Posavina horse (HP) and the rest of cold-blooded horses
(OH), while the warm-blooded are divided into four breeds: Thoroughbred (EP), Arabian
horse (AP), Lipizzan horse (L) and other warm-blooded horses (OT). In the ten-year period
(from year 2010 to 2019) a total of 646 mares, patients from Clinic for obstetrics and
reproduction, have been examined with the purpose of pregnancy diagnostics. Pregnancy
was established in 454 mares (70,28 %) out of the total number of the examined mares, 15
of which had twins (3,3 %). A significant statistical contrast in conception (p<0,05) between
Lipizzan mares (78,23 %) compared to Arabian (58,33 %) and other warm-blooded mares
(66,17 %) was observed. Additionally, there is a significant contrast in conception between
Croatian coldblood (64,13 %) and Croatian Posavina mares compared to other cold-blooded
mares (80,0 %). There is a significant statistical contrast in prevalence of twins between
cold-blooded (1,28 %) and warm-blooded horse breeds (3,83 %). Meanwhile, twin
pregnancy was not recorded in pony mares. A significant statistical contrast was observed
in twin prevalence (p<0,05) in warm-blooded breeds between Thoroughbreds (12,0 %) and
Lipizzan mares (2,06 %). A total of 5 cases of abortion of the twins was recorded in the last
third of pregnancy, which amounts to 33,33 % of the total number of diagnosed twin
pregnancies (n=15). Following reduction methods used on twin pregnancies were described:
manual embryo crushing, TUGA (transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration) and, in one
case, a successfully applied restrictive diet. Considering that twin pregnancy often results in
loss of both embryos and consequently, in reduced conception, it is important to educate the
owners on breeding management of mares, which includes frequent controls before and after
mating or artificial insemination. Early diagnosis of pregnancy allows for timely detection
of twins, resulting in greater choice of one twin reduction method and in accomplishing a
higher conception rate. |
