| Sažetak | Porodica mahunarki (Fabaceae) vrlo je važna u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, ne samo radi toga što daje kvalitetne plodove za ljudsku ishranu i stočnu krmu, već je jako korisna za plodored zbog svojih sposobnosti vezanja atmosferskog dušika zbog simbioze s kvržičnim bakterijama. U ovu porodicu od važnijih kulturnih biljaka spadaju kikiriki, grašak, obični grah, bob, slanutak, lucerna, djetelina, leća i soja. Kao posljedica intenzivne proizvodnje i uzgoja u monokulturi sve češće je problem povećan broj štetnika u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. U ovom radu kroz pregled literature prikazani su najvažniji štetnici mahunarki, te je opisana njihova biologija, štetnost, prognoza i načini suzbijanja. Najvažniji štetnici su graškov trips, duhanov trips, crna bobova uš, zelena graškova lisna uš, duhanov štitasti moljac, pipe mahunarke, žičnjaci, grahov i graškov žižak, povrtna i kupusna lisna sovica, graškovi savijači, korijenove (grahove) muhe, koprivina grinja, stabljikina nematoda, sojina cistolika nematoda i cistolika nematoda graška. Ovi štetnici pretežno štete nadzemnim dijelovima mahunarki poput listova i samih mahuna. Pojedini štete i podzemnim dijelovima (žičnjaci, grahove muhe i nematode). Najbitnije je pravovremeno i pravilno prognozirati pojavu ovih štetnika kako bi se mogla uskladiti suzbijanja. Potrebno je provoditi integrirane mjere zaštite i kao posljednju opciju uzimati u obzir kemijske mjere suzbijanja kako bi se smanjila primjena pesticida. Ono što je još vrlo važno jest provoditi pravilno agrotehničke mjere za pojedinu kulturu koja se uzgaja jer to značajno može utjecati na brojnost prezimjelih štetnika. Dakle, pravilnom agrotehnikom uzgoja, plodoredom, primjenom gnojiva, fizikalnim mjerama i održavanjem higijene možemo preventivno održavati brojnost štetnika ispod praga odluke za suzbijanje. Tek ako se utvrdi da je brojnost štetnika iznad praga odluke, uz navedene mjere pribjegava se biološkim i kemijskim mjerama suzbijanja. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The legume family (Fabaceae) is very important in agricultural production, not only because it produces quality fruits for human consumption and fodder, but it is also very useful for crop rotation because of its ability to bind atmospheric nitrogen due to symbiosis with lumpy bacteria. This family of important cultural plants includes peanuts, peas, common beans, broad beans, chickpeas, alfalfa, clover, lentils and soybeans. As a result of intensive production and cultivation in monoculture, the number of pests in agricultural production is more and more often a problem. In this paper, the most important pests of legumes are presented through a literature review, and their biology, harmfulness, methods of forecasting and control. The most important pests are pea thrips, tobacco thrips, black bean aphid, green pea aphid, tobacco whitefly, pea leaf weevil, wireworms, beans and pea weevils, vegetable and cabbage moth, peas moth, roots (beans) flies, twospotted spider mite, stem nematode, soybean cystolic nematode and cystolic pea nematode. These pests predominantly harm the above-ground parts of legumes such as the leaves and the pods themselves. Some damage the underground parts (wireworms, bean flies and nematodes). The most important thing is to correctly and timely forecast the occurrence of these pests in order to be able to harmonize the controls. Integrated protection measures should be implemented and chemical control measures should be taken into account as a last resort to reduce the use of pesticides. What is still very important is to properly implement agrotechnical measures for a particular crop that is grown, because this can significantly affect the number of overwintered pests. Therefore, with proper agrotechnics of cultivation, crop rotation, fertilizer application, physical measures and hygiene maintenance, we can preventively maintain the number of pests below the threshold of the decision for suppression. Only if it is established that the number of pests is above the threshold of the decision, biological and chemical control measures are resorted to in addition to these measures. |
