The most common agricultural crops in the world are corn, rice and wheat, and they are extremely important for agricultural production. After the harvest of wheat and corn, harvest residues remain in the field, such as chaff, stems and leaves, as well as cobs and corn stover. These residues have a certain energy potential and can be used as valuable feedstock materials in biomass energy production, with the efficiency of machinery during the collection process being one of the essential factors. In the collection of crop residues, several systems can be applied, which can be divided by the number of passes, specifically into single-phase and multi-phase systems. In this research, the collection efficiency of three models for wheat was taken from the literature. Model 1 is based on the simultaneous harvesting of grain while forming a mixture of stems, leaves, and chaff; Model 2 involves the simultaneous harvesting of grain and collecting chaff in one pass; and Model 3 is based on the collection of stems and leaves using a conventional multi-phase technique. In the case of corn, the collection efficiency is taken for two models, of which model 1 simultaneously collects the cobs during grain harvesting, while model 2 is based on multi-phase collection of corn stover and is divided into 5 different sub-models that differ in relation to the technique used. The research was conducted on wheat varieties EL NINO and RENATA and corn hybrids KULAK and OS-515 in order to determine the potentially available biomass with the aim of energy conversion. Based on the obtained results, the theoretical, technical and energy potential for each culture was determined. The best result in terms of energy potential for wheat was achieved by Model 1, which collects straw and chaff together (87 100 MJ/ha), while for corn, Model 2, i.e. the submodel based on the Mais Star* Collect header, was the best (107 078 MJ/ha ).