Infection and inflammation control, stopping pathological and harmful processes as well as promoting healing are the primary goals of conventional periodontal therapy. However, the desired outcome includes regeneration of periodontal tissues with the re-establishment of their primary architecture and function, while in clinical practice regeneration remains minimal or non-existing. The discovery of stem cells and the insight into the fact that there are cells in the human body that, under certain conditions, can differentiate into progenitors of all periodontal tissues, gave new stimulus to the research of new therapeutic possibilities for periodontal tissue regeneration. However, in order to ensure adherence, differentiation, tissue neogenesis and maturation of stem cells, not only was it crucial to ensure the metabolic needs of the cells, but it was also necessary to include the latest technological solutions for the production of cell carriers with desired characteristics. The synergy of these two areas gave birth to a new branch of science, tissue engineering. Another turning point in the development of periodontal defects therapy was the discovery of endogenous stem cells homing. In fact, it has recently been confirmed that by using certain signaling molecules, it is possible to induce the migration of endogenous stem cells from distant tissues of the organism to the desired location. It seems that the future of periodontal defect therapy lies precisely in tissue engineering. By perfecting the technology for the production of scaffolds with the desired biological, mechanical and structural characteristics, combined with new discoveries within the regulation of stem cells fate using signaling molecules, we could ensure a safe and predictable periodontal defects therapy in the future.