| Sažetak | Judejsko društvo u ranom principatu, od kada je Herod Veliki postao kraljem 40. god. pr. n. e. pa do kraja Velikog židovskog ustanka 70. god, bilo je vrlo kompleksno, ponajviše radi susreta s Rimskom civilizacijom. Različiti pristupi prema prodiranju helenističke i rimske kulture, odnosu prema stranim vladavina, ali i različita tumačenja židovskog Svetog zakona, omogućili su veliki procvat različitih društvenih grupa. Društvene grupe vjerskog karaktera bile su najutjecajnije jer Judeja nije bila sekularna država i judaizam je kontroliralo svaki aspekt svakodnevnog života. Primarni povijesni izvor za društvene grupe u Judeji, Josip Flavije, također priznaje njihovu važnost, istaknuvši da su razvoj i identitet društvenih grupa ključni za razumijevanje židovskog društva. Međutim, subjektivni i nepouzdani povijesni izvori to svakako otežavaju. Josip Flavije, bivši farizej, pridružio se Rimljanima nakon zarobljeništva i odlučio rimskim čitateljima predstaviti povijest židovskog naroda, ponajviše vrijeme velikih pobuna. U pregledima povijesti Judeje spominje tri filozofske sekte: farizeje, saduceje i esene te dvije političke stranke: zelote i sikariote. Također postoje i drugi izvori poput biblijskih tekstova, rabinske literature te Svitaka s Mrtvog mora koji predstavljaju još neke društvene grupe koje Josip Flavije ne spominje, pismoznance, prozelite, nazarene i herodovce. Najutjecajnije i najuglednije grupe bili su farizeji i pismoznanci, kao predstavnici tradicionalnog judaističkog centra jer su bili posvećeni očuvanju židovskog vjerskog i nacionalnog identiteta. U globalnom kontekstu najutjecajniji su bili nazareni koji su kasnije prerasli u masovni kršćanski vjerski pokret. Grupe koje su također imale veliku podršku najnižih društvenih slojeva, ali s potpuno suprotnom ideologijom, bili su zeloti i sikarioti. Svoj su pokret temeljili na antirimskim farizejskim naučavanjima i snažnim mesijanskim očekivanjima, a s obzirom da su bili najradikalnija i najratobornija struja, postali su odgovorni za pokretanje velikih židovskih ustanaka koji su rezultirali Židovskim ratom od 66. do 135. god. i uništenjem Judejske države. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Judean society in the early principate when Herod the Great became king in 40. BC. to the end of the Great Jewish Revolt in 70. AD, was very complex, mainly because of the encounter with the Great roman civilization. Different approaches to the emergence of Hellenistic and Roman culture and foreign government, but also different interpretations of the Jewish sacred Law given by Moses, made the opportunity for the flourishing of diverse social groups. Social groups with religious character were most influential because Judea was not a secular state, and Judaism controlled every aspect of their everyday lives. The primary historical source for social groups in Judea, Josephus Flavius, also acknowledges their importance, saying that the development and the identity of social groups are crucial for understanding Jewish society that led to specific historical events of that time. However, subjective and unreliable historical sources make it a bit difficult. As a former pharisee, Josephus Flavius joined Romans after his captivity and decided to present the history of the Jewish people, especially the time of the Great Revolts, to Roman readers. He mentions three philosophy sects: Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes, also as two political parties: Zealotes and Sicarii. There are also other, mostly Jewish sources, Old and New Testament, Rabbinic literature and Dead Sea Scrolls that represent other Judaic and Christian perspectives and also present some other groups not mentioned by Josephus Flavius, Scribes, Proselytes, Nazarenes and Herod’s party. The most influential and respected groups in the Land were Pharisees and Scribes, for they were representatives of the traditional Judaic centre and were dedicated to preserving Jewish religious and national identity and a large amount of rabbinic interpretations of the Torah that were assembled during many decades. On the global scale most influential were Nazarenes, which developed into a massive Christian movement that spread throughout the World in years to come. However, the party with big support among the lowest parts of the society, but with a totally opposite ideology, were the Zealots and Sikarii. They based their movement on anti-roman pharisaic teachings and strong messianic beliefs. However, they were most radical and militant, so they became responsible for starting Great Jewish Revolts, which resulted in the Jewish war in 66. AD. to 135. AD and the destruction of the Judean state. |
