The purpose of this thesis is to explore and explain the key aspects and applications of radiation in the fields of chemistry and medicine, with a special focus on its dual role as an indispensable tool in scientific and medical research and potential health and environmental risks. Radiation, although invisible to the human eye, is present in many aspects of modern life, from medical diagnostics and therapy to chemical analysis and industrial processes. In a medical context, radiation is used for diagnosing diseases through techniques such as X-ray imaging, as well as in the treatment of certain types of cancer through radiotherapy. In chemistry, radiation enables the detailed study of molecular structures through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, which is crucial for the development of new materials and drugs. This thesis also emphasizes the importance of safety measures and regulations in working with ionizing radiation, in order to protect human health and the environment. Through the analysis of scientific methods and applications, and consideration of ethical and safety implications, the thesis presents radiation as an indispensable, yet essential part of modern science and technology. This thesis confirms the key role of radiation in advancing chemistry and medicine and highlights the need for further research to maximize its benefits while minimizing risks. Further advancements in technology and methodology could enable even more precise and safer applications of radiation in various scientific and medical disciplines.