Instrumental methods of sample analysis are crucial in modern analytical chemistry, and they enable precise determination of the composition and structure of materials. Spectrometric techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV-VIS), Fouriertransform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and Raman spectrometry (RAMAN), use the interaction of light with materials to identify and quantify chemical substances. Electroanalytical methods, such as voltammetry and potentiometry, use the electrical properties of samples to analyze their composition. These methods are indispensable in studying redox reactions and determining ion concentrations, especially in aqueous solutions. Thermal methods, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), examine changes in the physical and chemical properties of materials under the influence of temperature. These techniques are useful for studying stability, phase transitions, and thermal properties of materials. Chromatographic methods, including gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), separate the components of complex mixtures for further analysis. Electrophoresis separates molecules based on their size and charge, which is particularly useful in biochemistry for the analysis of proteins and nucleic acids. Sampling is the first step in analysis, and it involves proper collection of samples that will be representative of the entire population or material. Sample preparation can include homogenization, extraction, filtration, and drying to prepare a sample for analysis. Proper sampling and sample preparation procedures are crucial for the accuracy and reproducibility of analysis results. The combination of these methods allows comprehensive sample analysis, providing detailed information about their chemical composition, structure, and properties, which is of fundamental importance for scientific research, industry, and medical diagnostics