| Sažetak | Cilj je disertacije istražiti na koji je način u zatvorskom sustavu implementirano novo shvaćanje kazne lišenja slobode, kao mjere kojom se zatvorenika kažnjava i rehabilitira, te prikazati kako su u zatvorskoj praksi izgledale te promjene rekonstruiranjem procesa pritvaranja i zatvaranja. Drugi je cilj jasno opisati sva pravila prema kojima je zatvorski sustav funkcionirao, usporediti ga s europskim sustavima toga vremena kako bi uočili njegove posebnosti i u disertaciji mu dati novi odgovarajući naziv. Osnovne su hipoteze da je zatvorskom reformom došlo do poboljšanja uvjeta izdržavanja kazne propisanim i jasnim zatvorskim pravilima te kako je preuzimanjem irskog progresivnog zatvorskog sustava napravljena takva prilagodba koja hrvatski zatvorski sustav čini zasebnim sustavom. Metodom analize slučaja rekonstruirana je praktična primjena novih pravila zatvaranja u zatvorima. Na nekoliko odabranih slučajeva zatvorenika u pritvoru i zatvoru Kraljevskog sudbenog stola u Osijeku prikazan je cijeli proces od pritvaranja do zatvaranja te su izdvojena ključna pravila prema kojima je funkcionirao sustav, pogotovo u pogledu pitanja rehabilitacije. Metodom analize izvorne arhivske građe vezane uz osječki zatvor prikazano je kako su se nova pravila zatvaranja primjenjivala u praksi i dokazano je da su se tim pravilima uvjeti izdržavanja kazne u zatvorima popravili. Usporednom analizom američkih i europskih zatvorskih sustava objašnjeni su zatvorski sustavi odabranih svjetskih zemalja i uspoređeni s hrvatskim, kako bi se izdvojile ključne karakteristike hrvatskog sustava prema kojima mu se dao odgovarajući naziv. U svijetu se krajem 18. i početkom 19. stoljeća provodila reforma zatvorskog sustava. U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama razvijaju se i implementiraju pensilvanijski i auburnski zatvorski sustav, a sredinom 19. stoljeća u Europi se razvijaju engleski, irski, bodovni i klasifikacijski progresivni zatvorski sustavi. Reforma je zatvorskog sustava u Hrvatskoj kasnila, tako da se tek tijekom 1870-ih preuzimaju i implementiraju elementi irskoga sustava. Promjenama zakonodavstva, kao što je bilo ukidanje batine i okova, reguliranje samotnog zatvora, uvođenje uvjetnog otpusta, kazna lišenja slobode počinje se izvršavati u skladu sa shvaćanjem kako se kaznom mora rehabilitirati i kazniti. Doktorskom se disertacijom obrađuje spomenuto razdoblje te se na primjeru zatvora Kraljevskog sudbenog stola u Osijeku analizira funkcioniranje zatvorskog sustava u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji tijekom druge polovice 19. stoljeća. Rezultat istraživanja pokazao je da je 1878. godine u Hrvatskoj provedena cjelovita zatvorska reforma. Zahvaljujući Marijanu Derenčinu preuzet je progresivni zatvorski sustav irskog tipa. Emil Tauffer bio je zadužen za njegovu implementaciju u kaznionici Lepoglava, čime je službeno počela primjena progresivnog načina zatvaranja. Istraživanje je također pokazalo kako su reformom zatvorskog sustava popravljeni uvjeti izdržavanja kazne u zatvorima. Postojala su točna i jasna pravila prema kojima se zatvorenika rehabilitiralo i kažnjavalo. Usustavljivanjem zatvorskih pravila i rekonstrukcijom njihove primjene u zatvorskoj praksi zaokružena je slika funkcioniranja zatvorskog sustava. Modificiranjem irskoga sustava donesena su drukčija pravila prilagođena stanju u Hrvatskoj, zbog čega se hrvatski zatvorski sustav razvio u zasebnu vrstu u disertaciji nazvanu hrvatski progresivni zatvorski sustav. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The aim of this dissertation is to examine the manner in which a new understanding of penalty of deprivation of liberty was implemented within the prison system as a means of punishing and rehabilitating prisoners, as well as to show how these changes were applied in common prison practice, through reconstructing detention and imprisonment processes. The second aim of the dissertation is to provide a clear account of all the rules that governed the functioning of the prison system and compare this prison system to other European systems of that time, all this in order to identify its specific characteristics and use this dissertation as a platform for giving it a new and adequate name. The two main hypotheses are as follows: the prison reform led to improvement of conditions of serving a sentence thanks to clearly stipulated prison rules; through taking over Ireland’s progressive prison system, an adjustment of the system occurred, thus rendering Croatian prison system a separate prison system. The manner in which new rules pertaining to prison confinement were applied in practice was reconstructed using the method of case study. Based on several cases of prisoners who were subject either to detention or imprisonment in the Royal Court Table in Osijek, this dissertation provides a detailed presentation of the whole process from detention to imprisonment, with key rules governing the functioning of the system, especially the ones connected to the issue of rehabilitation. Based on analysing original archival materials belonging to the prison of Osijek, it is shown how new confinement rules were applied in practice, and proven that those rules contributed to improved conditions of serving a sentence in prisons. A comparative analysis of American and European prison systems helped explain the prison systems of selected foreign countries, after which these were compared to the Croatian prison system, all this in order to identify key characteristics of the Croatian system and thus give it an appropriate name. During the late 18th and early 19th century, the world experienced a reform of the prison system. In the United States of America, the Pennsylvania and Auburn prison systems were developed and implemented, whereas by the mid-19th century, Europe was marked by the development of English, Irish, credit-based and classification-based progressive prison systems. In Croatia, reform of the prison system started somewhat later, which means that it was not until the arrival of the 1870s that elements of Irish prison system were adopted and implemented. Following legislative changes, which included abolition of punishments of beating, restraining a prisoner with shackles and of solitary confinement, as well as introduction of release on parole, penalty of deprivation of liberty slowly started to be used in accordance with the understanding that every penalty must aim to rehabilitate as well as to punish. This doctoral dissertation, with its focus primarily directed at the above-mentioned historical period, provides an analysis of the functioning of the prison system in Croatia and Slavonia, by taking the example of the prison held by the Royal Court Table in Osijek during the second half of the 19th century. Research results have shown that in 1878, a full-fledged prison reform took place in Croatia. It is thanks to Marijan Derenčin that Croatia took over the Irish type of progressive prison system. Emil Tauffer was the person responsible for implementation of this system in Lepoglava penitentiary, which was the point that officially marked the introduction of progressive methods of confinement. Research has also shown that prison system reform contributed to improved conditions of serving a sentence in prisons. There were precise and clear rules governing rehabilitation and punishment of prisoners. By systematizing prison rules and reconstructing their application in prison practice, we have succeeded in drawing a complete picture of the functioning of the prison system. In Croatia, following the introduction of modifications to the Irish prison system, somewhat different rules were adopted, adjusted to the specific situation of the country. This resulted in the Croatian prison system having developed into a separate independent category, for which, in this dissertation, we have coined the term Croatian progressive prison system. |
