Low back pain syndrome poses a socio-economic and public health issue in the modern world. The most common contributing factor to the development of low back pain is sedentary lifestyle. This syndrome mostly affects elderly population, but it is becoming increasingly prevalent at a younger age. Considering its etiology, low back pain can be discogenic and non-discogenic. Discogenic low back pain is caused by degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc. On the other hand, non-discogenic low back pain can be caused by inflammatory conditions, facet joint disorders, musculoskeletal syndromes, degenerative changes of the sacroiliac joint, flava ligamentum hypertrophy, various conditions in the lumbar spine region. A correct diagnosis requires a thorough anamnesis and a clinical examination and, if necessary, the use of diagnostic imaging techniques. Treatment of the aforementioned syndrome includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Non-pharmacological methods include medical exercise, electrotherapy, therapeutic ultrasound, laser therapy, shortwave diathermy. The studies of efficiency of the non-pharmacological methods are contradictory, and thus such methods should be individually adjusted to patients in order to achieve effective treatment. Pharmacological methods include non-opioid analgesics and opiods. World Health Organization issues guidelines for analgesics usage, taking into consideration level and intensity of pain. It is crucial to adjust the dosage to each patient individually.