Thyroid nodule is a diagnosis present in up to 65% of the population. Most of these are benign, clinically insignificant lesions, which represent completely accidental finding because of the increasing use of modern radiological imaging methods. The risk of malignancy is 5% and although it is not high, it should not be neglected. Therefore, in clinical practice the main goal is to exclude malignancy as a cause, assess the functional status of the nodule, recognize and record the presence of symptoms such as pain and compression of surrounding anatomical structures, and accordingly direct all further diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. After detection of a thyroid nodule, the diagnostic process consists of tests that reveal the functional status of the thyroid gland (hormonal status, scintigraphy), tests that show the appearance and structure of the thyroid gland (ultrasound), and tests which describe the cell structure of the thyroid gland and lesions found inside of it (cytology). Despite the many diagnostic methods available, FNA and cytological diagnosis remain the most important determinants in planning a therapeutic approach. In patients with benign nodules treatment is usually not necessary, only regular monitoring; while the surgery is therapeutic solution for nodules with a cytopathological finding suspected of malignancy or confirmed with malignancy.