Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the more important health issues in Croatia. TBI develops as a result of a mechanical force trauma, usually caused by a fall, traffic accident, assault or a sports injury. More than 1.5 million people are affected by TBI in Europe on a yearly basis, and around 57000 die from it. In Croatia, around 8700 suffer from TBI, and some 560 die from it in one year. TBI usually affects young men, even though more and more elderly people are becoming a victim of it. The resulting damage of a TBI can be divided into primary and secondary injury. Primary injury is defined as physical damage of brain tissue caused by acceleration and deceleration forces. Numerous pathophysiological processes develop as a result of secondary injury and can cause additional damage to the brain. Secondary injury can occur minutes, hours or even days after the trauma so the main goal of treatment is to prevent it from happening. The treatment of TBI begins with the early assessment of the patient's general and neurological condition. Early treatment should be aimed towards taking care of life threatening conditions, such as airway, breathing and circulation. After the initial resuscitation management goals should be immediate treatment of secondary injury, especially increased intracranial pressure, and prevention of unwanted complications. Treatment results should be continuously assessed by using extensive neuromonitoring methods. New treatment methods are recommended because numerous researches are being conducted on a daily basis. Many of these treatments still have to be proven effective and can so far only be used as an experimental treatment. However, if they are really useful they can become very helpful in the future.