This paper presents different surgical interventions of low rectal cancer and specific operative health care procedures. Colorectal carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the digestive system and with the improvement of living standards it has become one of the most common tumors in the world. Surgical treatment of low positioned carcinoma of the rectum represents a challenge for the surgical team. The most common surgical procedure applied for low rectal carcinoma is abdominoperineal resection (Miles operation) which includes permanent colostomy. Nowadays, surgical techniques that are the most applied, include preservation of the function of the sphincter. Research shows that depending on the stage of the tumor it is enough to achieve a free distal resection edge of 1-2 cm. Contraindications for the surgical procedure with the preservation of the sphincter is infiltration of the anal sphincter and levator muscles. Surgical techniques for the sphincter-preserving rectal operations are: low frontal resection of the rectum with coloanal anastomosis, transanal resection with „pull-through“ coloanal anastomosis and intersphincteric resection which can be total,subtotal or partial. Operations can be performed either by open or laparoscopic method. Sphincter-preserving low rectal carcinoma operations are becoming more significant in abdominal surgery and are placing new and modern challenges for operating room nurses/technicians. Perioperative nursing care includes the time it takes for the patient to enter the surgical theatre, the operating itself and the time until the patient is transferred to the recovery room or the intensive care unit. Because of the specific work environment, as well as devices and instruments which are needed in different phases of surgical procedures, operating room nurses/technicians are expected to have good knowledge and understanding of the work in the surgical theatre.