Scheuermann's kyphosis is the most frequent cause of adolescent kyphosis. Its reported incidence ranges from 1% to 8%. The prevalence is higher in males. According to the position of the deformity, two types are known: type I (thoracic kyphosis) and type II (thoracolumbar or lumbar kyphosis). The etiology of the disease is still unknown but the genetic proclivity seems to be the most plausible theory. Studies have shown that patients complain of lower back pain and are employed in physically less demanding jobs. In order to establish the accurate diagnosis it is important to review medical history, examine the patient and take standard radiographs. The finding of three adjacent anteriorly wedged vertebral bodies for ≥5° is diagnostic. The treatment of kyphosis is mainly non-operative. Rehabilitation and orthotic devices are used to slow down or correct the deformity before skeletal maturity. Surgery is mainly performed in the cases when kyphosis is greater than 80° in the thoracic and 65° in the lumbar spine. Although there are multiple surgical approaches, the posterior one represents a golden standard. There are two techniques that can be used in the posterior approach: compression and cantilever technique. The most common surgical complications are the loss of correction, junctional kyphosis (proximal and/or distal) and infection.