Fertility preservation in women consists of methods and procedures aiming to save the potential of biological motherhood in girls and women in which disease itself or its treatment causes premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). For women, standard methods in fertility preservation include ovarian transposition away from the radiation field before its start, pelvic shielding during radiation therapy, cryopreservation and banking of oocytes or embryos. Controlled ovarian stimulation using different, individualized protocols precedes cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos - two most commonly used methods of fertility preservation. Compared to slow freezing, vitrification seems to be superior freezing technique for both embryos and oocytes. There is conflicting evidence to recommend agonists of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHa) for fertility preservation, but when proven methods are not feasible, and in the setting of young women with breast cancer, GnRHa may be offered to reduce the likelihood of chemotherapy induced ovarian insufficiency. For prepubertal girls, ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC), in most countries an experimental method, is the only option for fertility preservation. However, many experts believe that there is now enough evidence to support the use of OTC as a valid and effective method. In vitro maturation (IVM) of immature oocytes is a recently investigated method, but more research and improvements of the technique are needed so that it could be used in the setting of fertility preservation for girls and some women. Indications for fertility preservation are divided into medical (malignant and non-malignant disease/conditions treated with gonadotoxic agents) and nonmedical, i.e social (oocyte vitrification for anticipated age-related fertility decline). It is very important to timely inform patients with a risk of POI about the long-term effects of the disease and its treatment on fertility and to refer those interested in fertility preservation to reproductive specialists.