Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid occurs within the ventricular system of the brain which is usually manifested by an increase in intracranial pressure and dilation of the ventricles. Hydrocephalus occurs as a result of numerous pathological processes that lead to disorders of the physiology of the cerebrospinal fluid. Their diversity also causes a large difference in hydrocephalus prevalence between children in less developed and highly developed countries. Some of the most common clinical signs of hydrocephalus in children under the age of two are: increased head circumference, protrusion of the anterior fontanelle, dilatation of the superficial veins of the head, "setting sun sign", papilloedema and Macewen's sign. In older children with closed skull sutures, the symptoms and signs of hydrocephalus are identical to those of elevated intracranial pressure. There are several classifications of hydrocephalus. Best-known is the one that differentiates non-communicating and communicating form. Noncommunicating hydrocephalus is caused by blockage of cerebrospinal fluid flow from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space. The first therapeutic choice for this type of hydrocephalus is an endoscopic third ventriculostomy in which direct communication of the third ventricle with the subarachnoid space is achived and therefore the natural resorption of the cerebrospinal fluid. Communicating hydrocephalus is caused by impaired absorption of cerebrospinal fluid with maintained communication of the ventricular and subarachnoid space. Ventriculoperitoneal drainage, by which the cerebrospinal fluid is drained through a catheter system from the lateral ventricle into the peritoneal cavity, is today used as the first therapeutic choice in the treatment of communicating hydrocephalus. In case of contraindication that prevents implantation of ventriculoperitoneal shunt there is also the choice of ventriculoatrial and ventriculopleural drainage methods as well as temporary therapeutic methods that prolong the time of shunt implantation until satisfactory conditions are achieved. These methods include external peritoneal drainage, ventricular reservoir, and ventriculo-subgaleal shunt.