| Sažetak | Tjelesno modificiranje definira se kao postupak koji relativno trajno i namjerno mijenja izgled i formu tijela. Osim modifikacija putem kirurških zahvata, ovdje ubrajamo i tetoviranje, piercing, stvaranje ožiljaka, genitalno sakaćenje te kozmetičke intervencije poput botoxa i hijaluronskih filera. Iako su kroz početak razvoja civilizacije tetoviranje i piercinzi bili oblik obilježavanja pripadnosti određenoj skupini, danas isti imaju drugačiju svrhu. Mediji uvelike promoviraju praktički nedostižni oblik tijela i potiču pojedince da kroz dijetetske mjere, rigorozni režim tjelovježbe, pa onda i kroz estetske zahvate postignu ideal ljepote. Pojedinci koji su psihološki osjetljiviji podložniji su i skloniji „popravljati svoje samopouzdanje i raspoloženje” kroz intervencije što se tiču tjelesnog izgleda. Fokus ovog rada je kroz psihodinamsku teoriju promotriti potrebu za modifikacijama tijela. Namjera nije generalizacija, s obzirom na raširenost tjelesnih modifikacija danas, ali treba imati na umu (posebno u kontekstu medicinske struke) da psihički vulnerabilne osobe i osobe s psihičkim poremećajima češće traže olakšanje psihičke patnje kroz navedene estetske i kozmetičke zahvate. Od psihičkih poremećaja u kojima postoji sklonost modifikaciji vanjskog izgleda ovdje opisujem i izdvajam tjelesni dismorfni poremećaj, antisocijalni, histrionski, borderline i narcistični poremećaj ličnosti. Jedna od zajedničkih karakteristika navedenim poremećajima jest aleksitimija – nesposobnost verbalizacije osjećaja i potreba iskazivanja istih kroz tijelo. Zbog traumatskih iskustava ili zanemarivanja u ranoj životnoj dobi, osobe nikada ne nauče raspoznavati svoja osjećajna stanja i nemaju kapacitet sami se umiriti. Često onda kroz tijelo postižu smirenje, odnosno kroz vanjsku promjenu postižu promjenu na razini osjećaja (iznutra). Osim psihofarmakoterapije koja može pomoći u ublažavanju poremećaja raspoloženja i anksioznosti, ovi pojedinci mogu imati velike koristi od psihoterapije. Također, važno ih je u kontekstu opće medicine i estetske kirurgije prepoznati, da bi se na vrijeme spriječilo pretjerivanje sa zahvatima koji ne donose olakšanje psihičke boli, te ih usmjeriti u pravcu psihološke pomoći. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Body modification is defined as a procedure that relatively permanently and intentionally changes the appearance and shape of the body. In addition to modifications through surgery, we also include tattooing, piercing, scarring, genital mutilation, and cosmetic interventions such as botox and hyalu-ronic fillers. Although through the beginning of the development of civilization, tattoos and piercings were a form of marking belonging to a certain group, today they have a different purpose. The media greatly promotes the practically unattainable body shape and encourages individuals to achieve the ideal of beauty through dietary measures, a rigorous exercise regime, and then through aesthetic proce-dures. Individuals who are more psychologically sensitive are more susceptible and more inclined to “improve their self-confidence and mood” through interventions regarding physical appearance. The focus of this paper is to observe the need for body modifications through psychodynamic theory. The intention is not generalization, given the prevalence of body modifications today, but it should be kept in mind (especially in the context of the medical profession) that mentally vulnerable people and people with mental disorders more often seek relief from mental suffering through these aes-thetic and cosmetic procedures. Out of the mental disorders in which there is a tendency to modify external appearance, I describe physical dysmorphic disorder, antisocial, histrionic, borderline, and narcissistic personality disorder. One of the common characteristics of these disorders is alexithymia - the inability to verbalize feelings and the need to express them through body modifications. Be-cause of traumatic experiences or neglect at an early age, individuals never learn to recognize their emotional states and do not have the capacity to calm themselves. Often then they achieve calm via body modifications, that is, through external change they achieve change at the level of feelings (from within). In addition to psychopharmacotherapy that can help alleviate mood disorders and anxiety, these individuals can benefit greatly from psychotherapy. Also, it is important to recognize them in the context of general medicine and cosmetic surgery, in order to prevent overdoing with procedures that do not bring relief from psychological pain, and to direct them in the direction of psychological help. |
