Mechanical ventilation is a revolutionary technology that has been a critical lifesaving measure in many conditions. Mechanical ventilation is a therapeutic method in which respiration is artificially stimulated. A device, which is responsible for moving gas into and out of the lungs, is connected to the patient. This therapeutic method has recently become more relevant in society and media in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Uses of mechanical ventilation may be beneficial for a vast and diverse array of cases. However, mechanical ventilation, itself, does not reverse any underlying disease and can potentially harm the patient on it. Mechanical ventilation is a very complex technology, and it requires a well-trained and knowledgeable team of physicians, nurses, and technicians to ensure effective use and patient safety. The purpose of this review paper is to provide the reader with a simplified and brief explanation of important topics within the very complex concept of mechanical ventilation. This review paper will explore general concepts of mechanical ventilation, including the definitions of various pressures, mechanical breath generation, the types of ventilation, ventilator modes, positive-end expiratory pressure, monitoring a ventilated patient, the process of weaning, indications, complications, and finally, mechanical ventilation and its relation to the COVID-19 pandemic.