Sažetak | Svrha/Ciljevi
Metabolička bolest kostiju je učestala ekstraintestinalna manifestacija Crohnove
bolesti. Patogeneza nije u potpunosti jasna, no kako se javlja u bolesnika koji
jesu, ali i u onih koji nisu liječeni kortikosteroidima, prepostavlja se da sam upalni
proces ima značajnog upliva na koštani metabolizam. Stoga je cilj ovog
istraživanja bio komparativno evaluirati proupalne citokine, biljege koštane
izgradnje i razgradnje, te regulatorne molekule u biogenezi osteoklasta RANKL i
osteoprotegerin (OPG), u skupinama bolesnika s Crohnovom bolesti sa i bez
metaboličke bolesti kostiju.
Bolesnici i metode
Ispitivanu skupinu od 95 bolesnika činilo je njih 80 s dugogodišnjim trajanjem
Crohnove bolesti i 15 bolesnika u kojih je bolest tek dijagnosticirana.
Koncentracije sRANKL, OPG, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, osteokalcina i C-telopeptida u
serumu, odreñivane su imunološkim metodama. Koštani je status mjeren
metodom dvostruke apsorpciometrije X-zraka (DXA) odreñivanjem mineralne
gustoće kostiju (BMD) lumbalne kralješnice i kuka, te uporedo, metodom
kvantitativnog ultrazvuka petne kosti (QUS).
Rezultati
U skupini s tek dijagnosticiranom Crohnovom bolesti 53% bolesnika ima sniženu
mineralnu koštanu gustoću, dok je u bolesnika s dugogodišnjim trajanjem bolesti
osteoporoza prisutna u njih 26%. U naïvnih je bolesnika zabilježena vrlo dobra
korelacija izmeñu središnjeg proupalnog citokina TNF-α i osteoklastičnog
posrednika sRANKL (r=0.6; p=0.027), a ta je pozitivna korelacija ostala
nepromjenjenom i u skupini bolesnika s višegodišnjim trajanjem bolesti (r=0.3;
p=0.009). Koncentracije slobodnog RANKL-a i njegovog receptora OPG
koreliraju negativno u bolesnika sa sniženom mineralnom gustoćom kostiju (r=-
Sažetak
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0.36; p=0.003), dok u bolesnika sa zdravim skeletom nema meñusobne
povezanosti. U naïvnih bolesnika s reduciranom mineralnom gustoćom kostiju
(T-vrijednost ≤-1.0), korelacija izmeñu RANKL-a i OPG je izrazito visoka, ali s
negativnim predzakom (r=-0.8; p=0.02). Tu podskupinu bolesnika ujedno
karakterizira niži indeks tjelesne mase, značajno viša koncentracija proupalnih
citokina, visoka razina CRP i pojačane aktivnosti RANKL i OPG.
Nalazi kvantitativnog ultrazvuka petne kosti nisu pokazali dobru podudarnost s
DXA mjerenjima (specifičnost 63%). Osjetljivost QUS metode u detekciji
osteopenije je 84%, a 72% za osteoporozu. Meñutim QUS petne kosti je
uspješnija metoda u identificiraju bolesnika s rizikom koštanih prijeloma.
Zaključci
Rezultati ove studije snažno podupiru hipotezu da upalni proces per se u
Crohnovoj bolesti ima primarnu ulogu u razvijanju i napredovanju metaboličke
bolesti kostiju. U prilog izrečenom govori podatak da središnji proupalni citokin
TNF-α vrlo pozitivno korelira s osteoklasičnim posrednikom RANKL, a negativno
s mineralnom koštanom gustoćom. Klinički se to ogleda u činjenici da 50%
naïvnih bolesnika već pri dijagnozi ima nižu koštanu gustoću.
Kvantitativni ultrazvuk petne kosti prema rezultatima prikazanog istraživanja nije
pouzdana zamjena za metodu klasične denzitometrije, no može poslužiti kao
komplementarna opcija jer se pokazalo da je dobar prediktivni parametar za rizik
na koštane prijelome. |
Sažetak (engleski) | Objective
The high incidence of bone disease and increasing evidence for Crohn´s disease
(CD) affecting bone status in corticosteroid users and non-users suggest that
bone metabolism is affected by inflammatory process. This study aimed to
determine comparative serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, markers of
bone formation and resorption, and regulatory molecules of osteoclast
biogenesis RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG), in CD patients with and without
metabolic bone disease.
Patients and Methods
The study included 95 patients; 15 of them newly diagnosed and untreated, and
80 patients with long-standing Crohn´s disease. Serum sRANKL, OPG, TNF-α,
IL-1β, IL-6, osteocalcin and C-telopeptide I were measured by immunoassay.
Bone status was evaluated, in parallel, by calcaneal quantitative ultrasound
(QUS), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanned spine (L1-L4) and
hip bone mineral density (BMD).
Results
Decreased BMD at diagnosis was found in 53% and low bone mass in 72% of
the study population. The newly diagnosed, untreated patients showed
correlation between TNF-α and sRANKL (r=0.6; p=0.027), and this positive
relationship also persists in the unselected study population of long-standing CD
patients (n=80) (r=0.3; p=0.009). Multiple regression identified TNF-α as the best
predictor of sRANKL (p<0.001). Analysis of the OPG and sRANKL relationship
according to subgroups showed absence of correlation in patients with healthy
skeleton, and an inverse relationship in those with decreased BMD (r=-0.36;
p=0.003). In naïve patients with reduced BMD t-score≤-1.0, the correlation
between sRANKL and OPG was highly inverse (r=-0.8; p=0.02) and
Abstract
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these patients were characterized by lower BMI, significantly higher level of
proinflammatory cytokines, elevated CRP and increased activity of free sRANKL
and OPG.
The sensitivity of QUS to identify bone disease was 93%; indicating 7% of
patients with verified bone disease to be misclassify as false negative. The
specificity of 63% showed that 37% of individuals with normal bone status were
QUS classified as false positive. The sensitivity of QUS to detect osteopenia was
84% and 72% for osteoporosis.
Conclusions
Bone disease that accompanies CD at diagnosis suggests that bone metabolism
is affected by the underlying inflammatory process per se, as probably confirmed
by our finding of the central proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α being strongly
associated with the osteoclastogenic mediator RANKL, and inversely with bone
density.
Calcaneal QUS showed poor agreement with bone status scanned by DXA and a
low discriminatory power between osteopenia and osteoporosis. However, QUS
successfully identified patients with previous fragile fractures. |