Hereditary colonic polyposis syndromes include syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Peutz Jeghers syndrome, and MUTYH related polyposis. These hereditary syndromes have in common the appearance of multiple polypoid lesions in the colon, which is called polyposis. Polyps in the intestine are tissue formations that grow from the intestinal wall and spread into the lumen, they rarely cause symptoms, but have the potential for malignant transformation. Most colorectal cancers arise from previously benign polyps, and these syndromes share an increased risk of developing colorectal and some other cancers. These hereditary polyps are diagnosed by colonoscopy and genetic testing for the mutations that cause them. In order to prevent the development of colorectal cancer and other cancers associated with polyposis, it is necessary for genetically confirmed person and her their close relatives to conduct screening test for cancers which they are at risk. Even after the removal of the colon, patients with these syndromes need lifelong controls due to the existence of extra colonic manifestations, as well as the possibility of polyps reappearing. Currently, the only successful therapy for colorectal polyps is surgical removal of the colon, but regardless of this, patients with these syndromes need lifelong controls due to the presence of extra colonic manifestations and the possibility of polyps reappearing.