| Sažetak | Igra je aktivnost koja nadilazi pojam vrste i dobi. Kreiranje striktne definicije igre je gotovo nemoguće. Stoga se igru najčešće promatra kroz njezinu funkciju. Kroz povijest su se javljale brojne teorije koje se pokušale objasniti razloge zašto se ljudi igraju. Iako ludično ponašanje nije ograničeno samo na dječju dob, igra se smatra samim srcem djetinjstva. Kroz igru djeca kognitivno, emocionalno i socijalno sazrijevaju. Osim njezinog razvojnog značaja, igra je i oblik neverbalne komunikacije putem kojeg djeca mogu izraziti svoje osjećaje. Stoga je terapija igrom idealno dijagnostičko sredstvo, kao i terapeutska intervencija za niz emocionalnih i bihevioralnih poremećaja u djece. Prilikom formiranja optimalnog terapeutskog procesa potrebno je razmišljati o brojnim faktorima kao što su terapeutov teoretski pristup, uređenje sobe, izbor igračaka, trajanje i učestalost seansi, dob, spol, ličnost djeteta, teškoće s kojima se susreće itd. Terapija igrom indicirana je u brojnim psihičkim poremećajima, a korisna je i u radu sa zdravom i hospitaliziranom djecom. Najranije postulirani teoretski model terapije igrom je psihoanalitički pristup. Psihoanalitički pristup počiva na temeljima Freudove psihoanalize koje su za rad s djecom prilagodile Melanie Klein i Anna Freud. U ovom pristupu cilj je dovođenje djetetovih nesvjesnih konflikata u područje svjesnog. Spoznajom tih konflikata, dijete reagira promjenom maladaptivnog ponašanja. Nedirektivni pristup je humanistički pristup terapije igrom koji je pod utjecajem Carla Rogersa formirala Virgina Axline. Temeljna pretpostavka ovog pristupa je da djeca posjeduju intrinzičnu sposobnost self-aktualizacije koju je moguće aktivirati osiguravanjem toplog, empatičnog i iskrenog terapeutskog okružja. Danas je nedirektivna terapija modificirana u terapiju orijentiranu prema djetetu. Osim ovih dvaju najvećih pristupa terapije igrom, postoje još brojni drugi pristupi poput Jungove analitičke terapije igrom i kognitivno-bihevioralne terapije igrom. Učinkovitost terapije igrom primarno je temeljena na empirijskim dokazima. Zasada postoje samo dvije metaanalize o učinkovitosti terapije igrom. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Play is an activity that transcends the concept of species and age. Since play is hard to define, it is mostly examined through its function. Throughout history, numerous theories have attempted to explain why people play. Although playful behavior is not confined to childhood, play is considered the very essence of childhood. Through play, children mature cognitively, emotionally, and socially. Besides its developmental significance, play is also a form of non-verbal communication through which children can express their feelings. Thus, play therapy is an ideal diagnostic tool, as well as a therapeutic intervention for various emotional and behavioral disorders in children. When forming an optimal therapeutic process, numerous factors need to be considered, such as the therapist's theoretical approach, the room setting, the choice of toys, the duration and frequency of sessions, the child's age, gender, personality, and the difficulties they face. Play therapy is indicated for numerous psychological disorders and is also beneficial for working with healthy and hospitalized children. The earliest theoretical model of play therapy is the psychoanalytic approach. This approach is based on the foundations of Freud's psychoanalysis, adapted for work with children by Melanie Klein and Anna Freud. The goal of this approach is to bring the child's unconscious conflicts into the conscious mind. By understanding these conflicts, the child can change maladaptive behavior. The non-directive approach, influenced by Carl Rogers and developed by Virginia Axline, is a humanistic approach to play therapy. The fundamental premise of this approach is that children possess an intrinsic ability for self-actualization, which can be activated by providing a warm, empathetic, and genuine therapeutic environment. Today, non-directive therapy has evolved into Child-centered play therapy. In addition to these two primary approaches, there are many other approaches, such as Jungian analytical play therapy and Cognitive-behavioral play therapy. The effectiveness of play therapy is primarily based on empirical evidence. There are only two meta-analyses that examine the effectiveness of play therapy. |
